/*
This is the standard template you should add to your book JS file before
customizing.
Uncomment any of the configuration options to change the default behavior (see
https://macmillanhighered.atlassian.net/wiki/display/MP/Player+Configuration+Options
for descriptions of the options).
*/
/**************************************
Set this to the DF book ID (Subtype)
**************************************/
xBookUtils.bookID = "everythingsanargument7e";
/*
You only need to set the disciplines if you are using the HTML Quiz
question delivery method, which only BSM ebooks are at this time
(in other words, if this is a FW ebook then you don't need to do a thing).
Change the zeros to the discipline number for each tier on PX.
Discipline numbers:
History: 6696 (all tiers)
Composition: 6698 (all tiers)
Communication: 6700 (all tiers)
*/
xBookUtils.discipline = {
dev: 6698,
qa: 6698,
pr: 6698,
www: 6698
}
var Player_subtype = Player_manuscript_type.extend({
//cfg_removeRawHtmlDivs: "on",
//cfg_showAnswer: "on",
//cfg_showAnswerAutoWrapThis: "off",
//cfg_Box_moveTitle: "all",
//cfg_Box_moveTitleExclude: "",
//cfg_Figures_targetDefault: "_blank",
//cfg_Figures_resizeDivWidth: "off",
//cfg_Figures_autoHtml: "on",
//cfg_LH_autoHtml: "on",
cfg_LH_useOpenContent: "on",
cfg_LH_useLinksFile: "on",
cfg_LH_externalTargetDefault: "_pop",
cfg_LH_internalTargetDefault: "_self",
cfg_LH_ebookTargetDefault: "_self",
cfg_LH_imageTargetDefault: "_blank",
cfg_Glossary_hoverTerms: "on",
cfg_Glossary_useStickyDiv: "on",
cfg_Glossary_hoverTermsNoClick: "",
initialize_sections: function() {
// Do not delete this
this._super();
// Anything that needs to be done before the page displays
// should be done here.
xBookUtils.terms['academic argument'] = "academic argument writing that is addressed to an audience well informed about the topic, that aims to convey a clear and compelling point in a somewhat formal style, and that follows agreed-upon conventions of usage, punctuation, and formats.";
xBookUtils.terms['accidental condition'] = "accidental condition in a definition, an element that helps to explain what’s being defined but isn’t essential to it. An accidental condition in defining a bird might be “ability to fly” because most, but not all, birds can fly. (See also essential condition and sufficient condition.)";
xBookUtils.terms['ad hominem argument'] = "ad hominem argument a fallacy of argument in which a writer’s claim is answered by irrelevant attacks on his/her character.";
xBookUtils.terms['affective'] = "affective relating to feelings or emotions.";
xBookUtils.terms['Ahab'] = "Ahab the captain of the whaling ship in Herman Melville’s 1851 novel Moby-Dick. After losing a leg in an earlier effort to kill the whale Moby-Dick, Ahab is obsessed with harpooning the creature. His actions lead to the loss of the ship and the lives of all onboard with the exception of Ishmael, whose narrative opens the novel.";
xBookUtils.terms['allegorical'] = "allegorical the adjectival form of allegory, a moral story in which the characters, always one-dimensional in nature, suggest a meaning beyond the story. Thus, in Aesop’s fable about the ant and the grasshopper, listeners are to understand that the wise person prepares for future needs, as the ant did, rather than wasting time, as did the grasshopper.";
xBookUtils.terms['allusion'] = "allusion an indirect reference. Saying “watch out or you’ll create the next Edsel” contains an allusion to the Ford Edsel, a disastrously unpopular and unsuccessful product of the late 1950s.";
xBookUtils.terms['Amelia Earhart'] = "Amelia Earhart (1897–1937) famous American pilot and author who disappeared over the Pacific Ocean while trying to fly around the world. Earhart, the first woman to fly across the Atlantic, set a number of aviation records. She was also the first woman to receive the Distinguished Flying Cross.";
xBookUtils.terms['analogy'] = "analogy an extended comparison between something unfamiliar and something more familiar for the purpose of illuminating or dramatizing the unfamiliar. An analogy might, say, compare nuclear fission (less familiar) to a pool player’s opening break (more familiar).";
xBookUtils.terms['anaphora'] = "anaphora a figure of speech involving repetition, particularly of the same word at the beginning of several clauses.";
xBookUtils.terms['antithesis'] = "antithesis the use of parallel structures to call attention to contrasts or opposites, as in Some like it hot; some like it cold.";
xBookUtils.terms['Antonio Vivaldi'] = "Antonio Vivaldi (1678–1741) prolific Italian Baroque composer, violinist, and priest. Among the best known of his works is a set of four violin concertos, The Four Seasons, each of which tries to paint a sound picture of the season it represents.";
xBookUtils.terms['antonomasia'] = "antonomasia use of a title, epithet, or description in place of a name, as in Your Honor for Judge.";
xBookUtils.terms['apprehension'] = "apprehension fear or anxiety.";
xBookUtils.terms['argument'] = "argument (1) a spoken, written, or visual text that expresses a point of view; (2) the use of evidence and reason to discover some version of the truth, as distinct from persuasion, the attempt to change someone else’s point of view.";
xBookUtils.terms['artistic appeal'] = "artistic appeal support for an argument that a writer creates based on principles of reason and shared knowledge rather than on facts and evidence. (See also inartistic appeal.)";
xBookUtils.terms['assumption'] = "assumption a belief regarded as true, upon which other claims are based.";
xBookUtils.terms['assumption, cultural'] = "assumption, cultural a belief regarded as true or commonsensical within a particular culture, such as the belief in individual freedom in American culture.";
xBookUtils.terms['audience'] = "audience the person or persons to whom an argument is directed.";
xBookUtils.terms['authority'] = "authority the quality conveyed by a writer who is knowledgeable about his/her subject and confident in that knowledge.";
xBookUtils.terms['background'] = "background the information a writer provides to create the context for an argument.";
xBookUtils.terms['backing'] = "backing in Toulmin argument, the evidence provided to support a warrant.";
xBookUtils.terms['bandwagon appeal'] = "bandwagon appeal a fallacy of argument in which a course of action is recommended on the grounds that everyone else is following it.";
xBookUtils.terms['begging the question'] = "begging the question a fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the very grounds that are in doubt or dispute: Rita can’t be the bicycle thief; she’s never stolen anything.";
xBookUtils.terms['causal argument'] = "causal argument an argument that seeks to explain the effect(s) of a cause, the cause(s) of an effect, or a causal chain in which A causes B, B causes C, C causes D, and so on.";
xBookUtils.terms['ceremonial argument'] = "epideictic or ceremonial argument an argument that deals with current values and addresses questions of praise and blame. Also called epideictic, ceremonial arguments include eulogies and graduation speeches.";
xBookUtils.terms['character, appeal based on'] = "character, appeal based on a strategy in which a writer presents an authoritative, credible self-image in order to gain the trust of an audience.";
xBookUtils.terms['Christopher Reeve'] = "Christopher Reeve (1952–2004) an American actor who is best known for his four Superman films. In 1995, he was paralyzed in a riding accident and used a wheelchair for the rest of his life. After his accident, he became an activist for public issues related to spinal-cord injuries and stem-cell research.";
xBookUtils.terms['circumstantial evidence'] = "circumstantial evidence in legal cases, evidence from which conclusions cannot be drawn directly but have to be inferred.";
xBookUtils.terms['claim'] = "claim a statement that asserts a belief or truth. In arguments, most claims require supporting evidence. The claim is a key component in Toulmin argument.";
xBookUtils.terms['classical oration'] = "classical oration a highly structured form of an argument developed in ancient Greece and Rome to defend or refute a thesis. The oration evolved to include six parts—exordium, narratio, partitio, confirmatio, refutatio, and peroratio.";
xBookUtils.terms['cognitive'] = "cognitive relating to thought.";
xBookUtils.terms['cognitive neoassociation theory'] = "cognitive neoassociation theory psychological theory developed by Berkowitz to explain the link between negative feelings and anger or hostile behavior toward some group or situation.";
xBookUtils.terms['content analysis'] = "content analysis a family of research methodologies used in the humanities and social sciences that focus on the content of “messages” — books, articles, movies, paintings, research interviews — to study recurring themes or patterns across time or at a given time. For example, we could use content analysis to trace the shift from the use of crippled to disabled in newspaper articles or the ways that people with disabilities were portrayed in early twentieth-century American novels.";
xBookUtils.terms['Coppelia'] = "Coppélia a nineteenth-century French comic and sentimental opera in which Dr. Coppélius creates a dancing doll that is so lifelike that a young man falls in love with her.";
xBookUtils.terms['confirmatio'] = "confirmatio the fourth part of a classical oration, in which a speaker or writer offers evidence for the claim.";
xBookUtils.terms['connotation'] = "connotation the suggestions or associations that surround most words and extend beyond their literal meaning, creating associational effects. Slender and skinny have similar meanings, for example, but carry different connotations, the former more positive than the latter.";
xBookUtils.terms['content analysis'] = "content analysis in the social sciences, a method of analyzing texts with a focus on their content.";
xBookUtils.terms['context'] = "context the entire situation in which a piece of writing takes place, including the writer’s purpose(s) for writing; the intended audience; the time and place of writing; the institutional, social, personal, and other influences on the piece of writing; the material conditions of writing (whether it’s, for instance, online or on paper, in handwriting or in print); and the writer’s attitude toward the subject and the audience.";
xBookUtils.terms['conviction'] = "conviction the belief that a claim or course of action is true or reasonable. In a proposal argument, a writer must move an audience beyond conviction to action.";
xBookUtils.terms['credibility'] = "credibility an impression of integrity, honesty, and trustworthiness conveyed by a writer in an argument.";
xBookUtils.terms['criterion (plural criteria)'] = "criterion (plural criteria) in evaluative arguments, a standard by which something is measured to determine its quality or value.";
xBookUtils.terms['deductive reasoning'] = "deductive reasoning a process of thought in which general principles are applied to particular cases.";
xBookUtils.terms['de facto'] = "de facto a Latin expression meaning “concerning fact”; in modern English, it refers to something that is the case because of practice, that is, because of what people do. It stands in contrast to de jure, which means “concerning law.” Steele’s point is that even though school segregation may not have been legal, it was the day-to-day reality for schoolchildren at that time with rare exception.";
xBookUtils.terms['definition, argument of'] = "definition, argument of an argument in which the claim specifies that something does or doesn’t meet the conditions or features set forth in a definition: Pluto is not a major planet.";
xBookUtils.terms['deliberative argument'] = "deliberative argument an argument that deals with action to be taken in the future, focusing on matters of policy. Deliberative arguments include parliamentary debates and campaign platforms.";
xBookUtils.terms['delivery'] = "delivery the presentation of an argument.";
xBookUtils.terms['dilatory effects'] = "dilatory effects effects that delay or cause delay, here of positive changes in societal attitudes.";
xBookUtils.terms['demeanor'] = "demeanor behavior or appearance.";
xBookUtils.terms['dogmatism'] = "dogmatism a fallacy of argument in which a claim is supported on the grounds that it’s the only conclusion acceptable within a given community.";
xBookUtils.terms['Dr. Strangelove'] = "Dr. Strangelove the title character in the 1964 film comedy Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb. Strangelove, played by Peter Sellers, uses a wheelchair and suffers from alien hand syndrome. He is often used to represent the stereotype of a “mad scientist.”";
xBookUtils.terms['either/or choice'] = "either/or choice a fallacy of argument in which a complicated issue is misrepresented as offering only two possible alternatives, one of which is often made to seem vastly preferable to the other.";
xBookUtils.terms['emotional appeal'] = "emotional appeal a strategy in which a writer tries to generate specific emotions (such as fear, envy, anger, or pity) in an audience to dispose it to accept a claim.";
xBookUtils.terms['empathic'] = "empathic showing evidence of understanding others’ feelings or life situations.";
xBookUtils.terms['enthymeme'] = "enthymeme in Toulmin argument, a statement that links a claim to a supporting reason: The bank will fail (claim) because it has lost the support of its largest investors (reason). In classical rhetoric, an enthymeme is a syllogism with one term understood but not stated: Socrates is mortal because he is a human being. (The understood term is All human beings are mortal.) (See also syllogism.)";
xBookUtils.terms['epideictic argument'] = "epideictic argument See ceremonial argument.";
xBookUtils.terms['equivocation'] = "equivocation a fallacy of argument in which a lie is given the appearance of truth, or in which the truth is misrepresented in deceptive language.";
xBookUtils.terms['effects literature'] = "effects literature a body of research in a particular discipline focusing on the effects of some phenomenon (e.g., stereotypes in the media, eating too much sugar, exercising, praying).";
xBookUtils.terms['Erving Goffman'] = "Erving Goffman (1922–1982) a highly influential Canadian-born sociologist who taught in the United States. His work was much concerned with the nature of the social organization of everyday life.";
xBookUtils.terms['essential condition'] = "essential condition in a definition, an element that must be part of the definition but, by itself, isn’t enough to define the term. An essential condition in defining a bird might be “winged”: all birds have wings, yet wings alone don’t define a bird since some insects and mammals also have wings. (See also accidental condition and sufficient condition.)";
xBookUtils.terms['ethical appeal'] = "ethical appeal See character, appeal based on, and ethos.";
xBookUtils.terms['ethnographic observation'] = "ethnographic observation a form of field research involving close and extended observation of a group, event, or phenomenon; careful and detailed note-taking during the observation; analysis of the notes; and interpretation of that analysis.";
xBookUtils.terms['ethos'] = "ethos the self-image a writer creates to define a relationship with readers. In arguments, most writers try to establish an ethos that suggests authority, fairness, and credibility.";
xBookUtils.terms['evaluation, argument of'] = "evaluation, argument of an argument in which the claim specifies that something does or doesn’t meet established criteria: The Nikon D4s is the most sophisticated digital SLR camera currently available.";
xBookUtils.terms['evidence'] = "evidence material offered to support an argument. (See artistic appeal and inartistic appeal.)";
xBookUtils.terms['example, definition by'] = "example, definition by a definition that operates by identifying individual examples of what’s being defined: sports car—Corvette, Viper, Miata, Cayman.";
xBookUtils.terms['exemplar prime'] = "interactive effects of the exemplar prime the priming image here was the initial video game image — “Black men who fit the aggressive criminal or ‘dangerous minority’ stereotype or media images of esteemed Black leaders” — while the interactive effects refer to the consequences of the first images seen on the evaluation of the candidate, Peter Smith, when presented as Black or White. In other words, the researchers were examining whether there is an interaction between the image research subjects were first exposed to and their subsequent evaluations of the fictitious character, Peter Smith.";
xBookUtils.terms['exordium'] = "exordium the first part of a classical oration, in which a speaker or writer tries to win the attention and goodwill of an audience while introducing a subject.";
xBookUtils.terms['experimental evidence'] = "experimental evidence evidence gathered through experimentation; often evidence that can be quantified (for example, a survey of students before and after an election might yield statistical evidence about changes in their attitudes toward the candidates). Experimental evidence is frequently crucial to scientific arguments.";
xBookUtils.terms['exploratory'] = "exploratory a study that seeks to explore some topic in a new way rather than directly continuing an existing research tradition.";
xBookUtils.terms['fact, argument of'] = "fact, argument of an argument in which the claim can be proved or disproved with specific evidence or testimony: The winter of 2012 was the warmest on record for the United States.";
xBookUtils.terms['fallacy of argument'] = "fallacy of argument a flaw in the structure of an argument that renders its conclusion invalid or suspect. (See ad hominem argument, bandwagon appeal, begging the question, dogmatism, either/or choice, equivocation, false authority, faulty analogy, faulty causality, hasty generalization, non sequitur, scare tactic, sentimental appeal, slippery slope, and straw man.)";
xBookUtils.terms['false authority'] = "false authority a fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the expertise of someone who lacks appropriate credentials.";
xBookUtils.terms['faulty analogy'] = "faulty analogy a fallacy of argument in which a comparison between two objects or concepts is inaccurate or inconsequential.";
xBookUtils.terms['faulty causality'] = "faulty causality a fallacy of argument making the unwarranted assumption that because one event follows another, the first event causes the second. Also called post hoc, ergo propter hoc, faulty causality forms the basis of many superstitions.";
xBookUtils.terms['firsthand evidence'] = "firsthand evidence data—including surveys, observations, personal interviews, etc.—collected and personally examined by the writer. (See also secondhand evidence.)";
xBookUtils.terms['forensic argument'] = "forensic argument an argument that deals with actions that have occurred in the past. Sometimes called judicial arguments, forensic arguments include legal cases involving judgments of guilt or innocence.";
xBookUtils.terms['formal definition'] = "formal definition a definition that identifies something first by the general class to which it belongs (see genus) and then by the characteristics that distinguish it from other members of that class (see species): Baseball is a game (genus) played on a diamond by opposing teams of nine players who score runs by circling bases after striking a ball with a bat (species).";
xBookUtils.terms['gauntlet'] = "gauntlet an earlier military punishment where the soldier punished had to run between a row of soldiers who struck him from either side as he passed.";
xBookUtils.terms['genus'] = "genus in a definition, the general class to which an object or a concept belongs: baseball is a sport; green is a color.";
xBookUtils.terms['gratifications'] = "gratifications sources of pleasure.";
xBookUtils.terms['grounds'] = "grounds in Toulmin argument, the evidence provided to support a claim and reason—that is, an enthymeme.";
xBookUtils.terms['hagiographer'] = "hagiographer technically, one who studies saints. Here, hagiography is used to refer to the ways in which able-bodied individuals often portray people with disabilities as saints, thereby refusing to let them be fully human.";
xBookUtils.terms['hard evidence'] = "hard evidence support for an argument using facts, statistics, testimony, or other evidence the writer finds.";
xBookUtils.terms['hasty generalization'] = "hasty generalization a fallacy of argument in which an inference is drawn from insufficient data.";
xBookUtils.terms['Helen Keller'] = "Helen Keller (1880–1968) the first American who was both deaf and blind to graduate from college, Keller was an author and activist for progressive causes.";
xBookUtils.terms['Horatio Alger'] = "Horatio Alger Jr. (1832–1899) the prolific author of popular “rags to riches” tales in which hardworking, virtuous poor boys rise to stable and productive lives at the lower edges of the middle class.";
xBookUtils.terms['Hyde Park'] = "Hyde Park the affluent neighborhood where the University of Chicago and several other educational institutions are located on the South Side of the city. It is adjacent to some of Chicago’s poorest neighborhoods, which are overwhelmingly African American.";
xBookUtils.terms['hyperbole'] = "hyperbole use of overstatement for special effect.";
xBookUtils.terms['hypersexualized'] = "hypersexualized extremely or excessively sexualized.";
xBookUtils.terms['hypothesis'] = "hypothesis a well-informed guess at what the conclusion of one’s research will reveal. Hypotheses must be tested against evidence, opposing arguments, and so on.";
xBookUtils.terms['immediate reason'] = "immediate reason the cause that leads directly to an effect, such as an automobile accident that results in an injury to the driver. (See also necessary reason and sufficient reason.)";
xBookUtils.terms['inartistic appeal'] = "inartistic appeal support for an argument using facts, statistics, eyewitness testimony, or other evidence the writer finds rather than creates. (See also artistic appeal.)";
xBookUtils.terms['inductive reasoning'] = "inductive reasoning a process of thought in which particular cases lead to general principles.";
xBookUtils.terms['infotention'] = "infotention a term coined by Howard Rheingold to describe the digital literacy skills of managing the technology we use and synthesizing the information we find online.";
xBookUtils.terms['intended readers'] = "intended readers the actual, real-life people whom a writer consciously wants to address in a piece of writing.";
xBookUtils.terms['invention'] = "invention the process of finding and creating arguments to support a claim.";
xBookUtils.terms['inverted word order'] = "inverted word order moving grammatical elements of a sentence out of their usual order (subject-verb-object/complement) for special effect, as in Tired I was; sleepy I was not.";
xBookUtils.terms['invitational argument'] = "invitational argument a term used by Sonja Foss and Cindy Griffin to describe arguments that are aimed not at vanquishing an opponent but at inviting others to collaborate in exploring mutually satisfying ways to solve problems.";
xBookUtils.terms['invoked readers'] = "invoked readers the readers implied in a text, which may include some whom the writer didn’t consciously intend to reach. An argument that refers to those who have experienced a major trauma, for example, invokes all readers who have undergone this experience.";
xBookUtils.terms['irony'] = "irony use of language that suggests a meaning in contrast to the literal meaning of the words.";
xBookUtils.terms['kairos'] = "kairos the opportune moment; in arguments, the timeliness of an argument and the most opportune ways to make it.";
xBookUtils.terms['line of argument'] = "line of argument a strategy or an approach used in an argument. Argumentative strategies include appeals to the heart (emotional appeals), to character (ethical appeals), and to facts and reason (logical appeals).";
xBookUtils.terms['logical appeal'] = "logical appeal a strategy in which a writer uses facts, evidence, and reason to convince audience members to accept a claim.";
xBookUtils.terms['logos'] = "logical appeal a strategy in which a writer uses facts, evidence, and reason to convince audience members to accept a claim.";
xBookUtils.terms['material'] = "material here, concrete or actual (in contrast to psychological or imagined).";
xBookUtils.terms['metaphor'] = "metaphor a figure of speech that makes a comparison, as in The ship was a beacon of hope.";
xBookUtils.terms['metonymy'] = "metonymy a rhetorical trope in which a writer uses a particular object to stand for a general concept, as in referring to businesspeople as “suits” or to the English monarchy as “the crown.”";
xBookUtils.terms['Michael J. Fox'] = "Michael J. Fox (1961–) an award-winning Canadian-born actor. Diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease in 1991, he revealed the condition to the public in 1998 and partially retired in 2000.";
xBookUtils.terms['narratio'] = "narratio the second part of a classical oration, in which a speaker or writer presents the facts of a case.";
xBookUtils.terms['necessary reason'] = "necessary reason a cause that must be present for an effect to occur; for example, infection with a particular virus is a necessary reason for the development of mumps. (See also immediate reason and sufficient reason.)";
xBookUtils.terms['non sequitur'] = "non sequitur a fallacy of argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically; one point doesn’t follow from another: If you’re really my friend, you’ll lend me five hundred dollars.";
xBookUtils.terms['Oedipus'] = "Oedipus the mythical Greek king who unknowingly fulfills a prophecy that he will kill his father and marry his mother. After realizing what he has done, he blinds himself.";
xBookUtils.terms['operational definition'] = "operational definition a definition that identifies an object by what it does or by the conditions that create it: A line is the shortest distance between two points.";
xBookUtils.terms['oxymoron'] = "oxymoron a rhetorical trope that states a paradox or contradiction, as in “jumbo shrimp.”";
xBookUtils.terms['parallelism'] = "parallelism use of similar grammatical structures or forms for clarity, emphasis, and/or artfulness: in the classroom, on the playground, and at the mall.";
xBookUtils.terms['paraphrase'] = "paraphrase a restatement of the meaning of a piece of writing using different words from the original.";
xBookUtils.terms['partitio'] = "partitio the third part of a classical oration, in which a speaker or writer divides up the subject and explains what the claim will be.";
xBookUtils.terms['patchwriting'] = "patchwriting a misuse of sources in which a writer’s phrase, clause, or sentence stays too close to the original language or syntax of the source.";
xBookUtils.terms['pathos'] = "pathos, appeal to See emotional appeal.";
xBookUtils.terms['Patty Duke'] = "Patty Duke (1946– ) an American actress who played Helen Keller in the 1959 play The Miracle Worker and in the 1962 film version of the story.";
xBookUtils.terms['paucity'] = "paucity only a limited amount.";
xBookUtils.terms['pedagogy'] = "pedagogy teaching.";
xBookUtils.terms['peroratio'] = "peroratio the sixth and final part of a classical oration, in which a speaker or writer summarizes the case and moves the audience to action.";
xBookUtils.terms['persuasion'] = "persuasion the act of seeking to change someone else’s point of view.";
xBookUtils.terms['plagiarism'] = "plagiarism the act of using the words, phrases, and expressions of others without proper citation or acknowledgment.";
xBookUtils.terms['precedents'] = "precedents actions or judgments in the past that have established a pattern or model for subsequent decisions. Precedents are particularly important in legal cases.";
xBookUtils.terms['poster child'] = "poster child a perfect representative. The source of the phrase is the image of a disabled child or one with a visible medical condition whose photo is used on posters to elicit sympathy and donations.";
xBookUtils.terms['premise'] = "premise a statement or position regarded as true and upon which other claims are based.";
xBookUtils.terms['propaganda'] = "propaganda an argument advancing a point of view without regard to reason, fairness, or truth.";
xBookUtils.terms['proposal argument'] = "proposal argument an argument in which a claim is made in favor of or opposing a specific course of action: Sport-utility vehicles should have to meet the same fuel economy standards as passenger cars.";
xBookUtils.terms['purpose'] = "purpose the goal of an argument. Purposes include entertaining, informing, convincing, exploring, and deciding, among others.";
xBookUtils.terms['qualifiers'] = "qualifiers words or phrases that limit the scope of a claim: usually; in a few cases; under these circumstances.";
xBookUtils.terms['qualitative argument'] = "qualitative argument an argument of evaluation that relies on non-numerical criteria supported by reason, tradition, precedent, or logic.";
xBookUtils.terms['quantitative argument'] = "quantitative argument an argument of evaluation that relies on criteria that can be measured, counted, or demonstrated objectively.";
xBookUtils.terms['quantitative data'] = "quantitative data the sort of data that can be observed and counted.";
xBookUtils.terms['quintessential'] = "quintessential of or relating to the perfect example of something.";
xBookUtils.terms['reason'] = "reason in writing, a statement that expands a claim by offering evidence to support it. The reason may be a statement of fact or another claim. In Toulmin argument, a reason is attached to a claim by a warrant, a statement that establishes the logical connection between claim and supporting reason. (See also Toulmin argument.)";
xBookUtils.terms['rebuttal'] = "rebuttal an answer that challenges or refutes a specific claim or charge. Rebuttals may also be offered by writers who anticipate objections to the claims or evidence they offer.";
xBookUtils.terms['rebuttal, conditions of'] = "rebuttal, conditions of in Toulmin argument, potential objections to an argument. Writers need to anticipate such conditions in shaping their arguments.";
xBookUtils.terms['red herring'] = "red herring a fallacy of argument in which a writer abruptly changes the topic in order to distract readers from potentially objectionable claims.";
xBookUtils.terms['refutatio'] = "refutatio the fifth part of a classical oration, in which a speaker or writer acknowledges and refutes opposing claims or evidence.";
xBookUtils.terms['reversed structures'] = "reversed structures a figure of speech that involves the inversion of clauses: What is good in your writing is not original; what is original is not good.";
xBookUtils.terms['rhetoric'] = "rhetoric the art of persuasion. Western rhetoric originated in ancient Greece as a discipline to prepare citizens for arguing cases in court.";
xBookUtils.terms['rhetorical analysis'] = "rhetorical analysis an examination of how well the components of an argument work together to persuade or move an audience.";
xBookUtils.terms['rhetorical questions'] = "rhetorical questions questions posed to raise an issue or create an effect rather than to get a response: You may well wonder, “What’s in a name?”";
xBookUtils.terms['rhetorical situation'] = "rhetorical situation the relationship between topic, author, audience, and other contexts (social, cultural, political) that determine or evoke an appropriate spoken or written response.";
xBookUtils.terms['Rogerian argument'] = "Rogerian argument an approach to argumentation based on the principle, articulated by psychotherapist Carl Rogers, that audiences respond best when they don’t feel threatened. Rogerian argument stresses trust and urges those who disagree to find common ground.";
xBookUtils.terms['scare tactic'] = "scare tactic a fallacy of argument presenting an issue in terms of exaggerated threats or dangers.";
xBookUtils.terms['schema'] = "schema pattern of thought that influences how we process new information.";
xBookUtils.terms['scheme'] = "scheme a figure of speech that involves a special arrangement of words, such as inversion.";
xBookUtils.terms['secondhand evidence'] = "secondhand evidence any information taken from outside sources, including library research and online sources. (See also firsthand evidence.)";
xBookUtils.terms['self-objectification'] = "self-objectification turning one’s self into an object, seeing oneself through the eyes of others.";
xBookUtils.terms['second-wave feminist'] = "second-wave feminist feminism associated with the period from the 1960s until the early 1990s in contrast to first-wave feminism (nineteenth and early twentieth century), which focused on getting the vote for women, or third-wave feminism (feminism since the mid-1980s), which is much more international and much more concerned with the diversity of experiences among women from different backgrounds within a society.";
xBookUtils.terms['sentimental appeal'] = "sentimental appeal a fallacy of argument in which an appeal is based on excessive emotion.";
xBookUtils.terms['signifying'] = "signifying a distinctive trope found extensively in African American English in which a speaker or writer cleverly and often humorously needles another person.";
xBookUtils.terms['simile'] = "simile a comparison that uses like or as: My love is like a red, red rose or I wandered lonely as a cloud.";
xBookUtils.terms['Sisyphean'] = "Sisyphean endless and futile; the term comes from Greek mythology, where Sisyphus, a king of Corinth who had repeatedly sought to outsmart the gods, was condemned in the afterlife to roll a large boulder up a steep hill, only to watch it roll to the bottom of the hill again, at which point Sisyphus had to begin the task again. The image below represents Sisyphus rolling the stone.";
xBookUtils.terms['Six Million Dollar Woman'] = "Six Million Dollar Woman an allusion to Six Million Dollar Man, a late 1970s ABC television program about an astronaut who was “rebuilt” after a crash to become a cyborg, part human and part machine.";
xBookUtils.terms['slippery slope'] = "slippery slope a fallacy of argument exaggerating the possibility that a relatively inconsequential action or choice today will have serious adverse consequences in the future.";
xBookUtils.terms['species'] = "species in a definition, the particular features that distinguish one member of a genus from another: Baseball is a sport (genus) played on a diamond by teams of nine players (species).";
xBookUtils.terms['stacking the deck'] = "stacking the deck a fallacy of argument in which the writer shows only one side of an argument.";
xBookUtils.terms['stance'] = "stance the writer’s attitude toward the topic and the audience.";
xBookUtils.terms['stasis'] = "stasis here, inactivity or lack of movement.";
xBookUtils.terms['stasis theory'] = "stasis theory in classical rhetoric, a method for coming up with appropriate arguments by determining the nature of a given situation: a question of fact; of definition; of quality; or of policy.";
xBookUtils.terms['straw man'] = "straw man a fallacy of argument in which an opponent’s position is misrepresented as being more extreme than it actually is, so that it’s easier to refute.";
xBookUtils.terms['sufficient condition'] = "sufficient condition in a definition, an element or set of elements adequate to define a term. A sufficient condition in defining God, for example, might be “supreme being” or “first cause.” No other conditions are necessary, though many might be made. (See also accidental condition and essential condition.)";
xBookUtils.terms['sufficient reason'] = "sufficient reason a cause that alone is enough to produce a particular effect; for example, a particular level of smoke in the air will set off a smoke alarm. (See also immediate reason and necessary reason.)";
xBookUtils.terms['summary'] = "summary a presentation of the substance and main points of a piece of writing in very condensed form.";
xBookUtils.terms['syllogism'] = "syllogism in formal logic, a structure of deductive logic in which correctly formed major and minor premises lead to a necessary conclusion:";
xBookUtils.terms['testimony'] = "testimony a personal experience or observation used to support an argument.";
xBookUtils.terms['thesis'] = "thesis a sentence that succinctly states a writer’s main point.";
xBookUtils.terms['Toulmin argument'] = "Toulmin argument a method of informal logic first described by Stephen Toulmin in The Uses of Argument (1958). Toulmin argument describes the key components of an argument as the claim, reason, warrant, backing, and grounds.";
xBookUtils.terms['trope'] = "trope a figure of speech that involves a change in the usual meaning or signification of words, such as metaphor, simile, and analogy.";
xBookUtils.terms['ubiquitous'] = "ubiquitous present everywhere.";
xBookUtils.terms['understatement'] = "understatement a figure of speech that makes a weaker statement than a situation seems to call for. It can lead to powerful or to humorous effects.";
xBookUtils.terms['ur-narrative'] = "ur-narrative the prefix ur- refers to the earliest, original, or most primitive or basic. Hence, the ur- narrative is the source narrative on which all others are based.";
xBookUtils.terms['values, appeal to'] = "values, appeal to a strategy in which a writer invokes shared principles and traditions of a society as a reason for accepting a claim.";
xBookUtils.terms['vestigial'] = "vestigial adjectival form of vestige, a more basic or rudimentary structure that no longer has any useful function; therefore, a useless leftover.";
xBookUtils.terms['Warholian'] = "Warholian a reference to Andy Warhol (1928–1987), American avant-garde artist who commented in 1968, “In the future, everyone will be famous for fifteen minutes,” a critique of how modern media create instant celebrities.";
xBookUtils.terms['Anna Paquin'] = "Anna Paquin (1982– ) Canadian-born actress who has been winning awards since the age of eleven, when she won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in The Piano.";
xBookUtils.terms['Larry King'] = "Larry King (1933– ) prominent American host of radio and television interview programs.";
xBookUtils.terms['Game of Thrones'] = "Game of Thrones an internationally acclaimed HBO drama based on the fantasy novels of George R. R. Martin (1948– ) that first came on the air in 2011.";
xBookUtils.terms['House of Cards'] = "House of Cards American adaptation of a BBC series released by Netflix; its focus is the power-hungry nature of politics. It was the first Web-only series to receive nominations for major Emmy awards.";
xBookUtils.terms['libertine'] = "libertine a person, usually a man, who behaves with no sense of responsibility or morality, especially with regard to sex.";
xBookUtils.terms['GLAAD'] = "GLAAD a U.S.-based media advocacy organization focused on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) issues. Founded in 1985 as the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation in response to media coverage of what we now know as HIV/AIDS, it dropped this name and has used only the acronym since 2013 as its focus has clearly shifted to issues related to the broader LGBT community and its allies.";
xBookUtils.terms['homogeny'] = "homogeny similarity of structure, a variant of homogeneity.";
xBookUtils.terms['stalwart'] = "stalwart here, firmly established and uncompromising in their content.";
xBookUtils.terms['friend of Dorothy'] = "friend of Dorothy gay slang for a gay man. Several decades ago, a gay man could use the question “Are you a friend of Dorothy?” to ask another man if he was gay in a discreet manner. Although the origin of the term is uncertain, the expression is popularly linked with Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz, who was accepting of various sorts of difference. (Like Streisand, The Wizard of Oz was quite popular among gay men of an earlier generation.)";
xBookUtils.terms['Oscar Wilde'] = "Oscar Wilde (1854–1900) Irish novelist (The Picture of Dorian Gray), playwright (The Importance of Being Earnest), and poet. He was tried and convicted of homosexual behavior; he never recovered from his time in prison and died in Paris in poverty.";
xBookUtils.terms['Streisand'] = "Barbara Streisand (1942– ) award-winning Jewish American singer, songwriter, actress, producer, and director; said to be the best-selling female singer/recording artist of all time. Streisand is much beloved by gay men of a certain generation.";
xBookUtils.terms['Queer Eye for the Straight Guy'] = "Queer Eye for the Straight Guy American television series that ran from 2003 to 2007, in which five gay men (“The Fab Five”) offered advice about clothes, decorating, grooming, and food, among other topics, to a different heterosexual man each week. It gave rise to the creation of similar shows in at least a dozen countries, mostly in Europe.";
xBookUtils.terms['Happy Endings'] = "Max from Happy Endings Max Blum, a character played by Adam Pally in Happy Endings, an ABC sitcom that ran from 2011 to 2013. Because he did not fit the stereotype many people have of gay men, another character in the series referred to him as a “straight dude who likes dudes.”";
xBookUtils.terms['The L Word'] = "The L Word a Showtime TV drama from 2007 to 2008, now syndicated through various on-demand services, centered on a group of young people from West Hollywood, CA. The program was among the first to represent lesbians and to do so in ways that did not pander to common stereotypes. Because it was created for a cable channel, it could deal frankly with issues of sex and sexuality in ways that network television could not — and does not even now. (The “L-word” is, of course, lesbian.)";
xBookUtils.terms['Will'] = "Will & Grace an NBC sitcom that ran from 1998 to 2006. Set in New York City, the show focused on the relationship between Will Truman, a gay attorney, and his best friend, Grace Adler, an interior designer who is Jewish. Despite criticism of its frequently stereotypical portrayal of gay men, the program is often credited with educating the general American public about a host of LGBT issues.";
xBookUtils.terms['Madonna'] = "Madonna here, Mary, who, as Christianity teaches, miraculously gave birth to Jesus, her first-born son, while still a virgin. She is thus seen as the perfect symbol of purity and motherhood. Feminist critics have long pointed out that images of women tend to fall into two categories: the Madonna or the prostitute.";
xBookUtils.terms['Red Viper'] = "Red Viper a nickname for Oberyn Martell, a character in Game of Thrones, resulting from the claim that his weapons are poisoned. Note that this nickname is an example of antonomasia (see discussion in Chapter 13).";
xBookUtils.terms['Pedro Pascal'] = "Pedro Pascal Chilean actor who portrays Oberyn Martell in Game of Thrones.";
xBookUtils.terms['Dodgeball'] = "Dodgeball 2004 movie; among its characters was Kate Veatch, an attorney. Near the end of the movie, after a volleyball game in which Kate plays on the winning side, a girlfriend who has been watching the game passionately kisses her. Peter, a male character who is interested in Kate, is distressed. Kate simply announces that she is bisexual and kisses Peter as well.";
xBookUtils.terms['Orange Is the New Black'] = "Orange Is the New Black award-winning television series from Netflix first broadcast in 2013 and concerned with life in a women’s prison.";
xBookUtils.terms['Piper Chapman'] = "Piper Chapman bisexual fictional character on Orange Is the New Black based on the life of Piper Kerman.";
xBookUtils.terms['Kurt Hummel'] = "Kurt Hummel fictional gay male lead and countertenor in Glee.";
xBookUtils.terms['Glee'] = "Glee Fox musical comedy-drama first broadcast in 2009 that focused on the glee club at a fictional high school.";
xBookUtils.terms['citations'] = "citations references to a text, most often a research article or book. The works listed in a bibliography or reference list in an academic work represent cases of citation. The more a work is cited, the more influential or significant it is assumed to be.";
xBookUtils.terms['anglophone'] = "anglophone a speaker of English (here with the presupposition that the person is a monolingual speaker of English).";
xBookUtils.terms['core-periphery'] = "core-periphery a metaphor from systems theory that divides the world’s countries into core countries — those that are highly industrialized and benefit from the global market system, including the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand — and the periphery, those that are less economically developed and, hence, peripheral or at the margins of the world economic system.";
xBookUtils.terms['SCI'] = "SCI (Science Citation Index) the major citation index for science, which enables researchers to determine how often an article has been cited, a measure of the article’s impact or importance. When a journal’s articles are indexed in SCI, that fact is taken as evidence of the journal’s legitimacy. As Montgomery notes, SCI and similar databases favor English-language publications.";
xBookUtils.terms['feedback loop'] = "feedback loop part of a self-regulating system where the output or result of some process is fed back into the system, perpetuating it.";
xBookUtils.terms['Scopus'] = "Scopus another important bibliographic database of academic journal articles.";
xBookUtils.terms['indigenous'] = "indigenous native to a place. Indigenous languages are those that were spoken in an area before later waves of settlers, often colonizers, arrived and became the dominant group; not surprisingly, indigenous languages that have managed to survive are disappearing quickly in the contemporary world. The heritage languages of Native Americans represent the indigenous languages of the United States.";
xBookUtils.terms['Educacion Intercultural Bilingue'] = "Educación Intercultural Bilingüe Spanish for “Intercultural Bilingual Education.”";
xBookUtils.terms['Asociacion Interatnica de Desarrollo de la Selva Peruana'] = "Asociación Interétnica de Desarrollo de la Selva Peruana Spanish for “Interethnic Association for the Development of the Peruvian Rainforest.”";
xBookUtils.terms['supranational'] = "supranational having influence beyond the borders of a single nation; also used to describe an organization of nations such as the European Union or NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization).";
xBookUtils.terms['imperial policy'] = "imperial policy the (language) policy of a colonial power, which encourages or enforces the use of its language in the areas it dominates. During the last century, Britain, France, Germany, Japan, the Soviet Union, and the United States all enforced such policies in certain areas of the world at various times.";
xBookUtils.terms['boab tree'] = "boab (also baobab) tree a tree indigenous to northwestern Australia; it is characterized by a very broad, bottle-shaped trunk.";
xBookUtils.terms['black death'] = "black death (1346–1353) plague originating in Asia that traveled to Europe, likely via fleas on the rats in ships, and killed 30 to 60 percent of the continent’s population.";
xBookUtils.terms['mother tongue'] = "mother tongue the term speakers of British English use for native language.";
xBookUtils.terms['India, Malaysia, South Africa, Nigeria'] = "India, Malaysia, South Africa, Nigeria countries all colonized by Britain and, hence, part of the British Empire. Each of these countries has developed its own local variety of English.";
xBookUtils.terms['AIDESEP'] = "Asociación Interétnica de Desarrollo de la Selva Peruana Spanish for “Interethnic Association for the Development of the Peruvian Rainforest.";
}, // end initialize_sections
/*
You will most likely not make any changes to the initialize
method unless you know exactly what you are doing :-)
*/
initialize: function(id) {
// Do not delete this
this._super(id);
this.xrefs = new XRefs_manuscript_subtype();
this.glossary = new Glossary_manuscript_subtype();
this.figures = new Figures_manuscript_subtype();
}, // end initialize
initialize2: function() {
// Do not delete this
this._super();
var link_handler = new LinkHandler();
// Anything that can be done after the page displays
// should be done here.
} // end initialize2
}); // end Player_subtype
// Do not delete this
player = new Player_subtype();
/*
The below is needed for ebooks built with the HTML Quiz question
type. Currently, only BSM ebooks use this question type but FW may
use it in the future. It is completely harmless to have this bit of
code here even if your book does not currently use HTML Quiz so best
to just leave it in.
*/
if (xBookUtils.inBrainhoneyPlayer()) {
$(window).ready(function () {
player.initialize();
});
}