var MathJaxMap = {}; MathJaxMap['math_1'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_2'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_3'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_4'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_5'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_6'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_7'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_8'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_9'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_10'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_11'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_12'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_13'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_14'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_15'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_16'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_17'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_18'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_19'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_20'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_21'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_22'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_23'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_24'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_25'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_26'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_27'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_28'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_29'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_30'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_31'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_32'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_33'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_34'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_35'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_36'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_37'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_38'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_39'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_40'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_41'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_42'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_43'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_44'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_45'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_46'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_47'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_48'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_49'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_50'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_51'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_52'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_53'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_54'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_55'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_56'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_57'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_58'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_59'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_60'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_900'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_901'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_902'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_903'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_904'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_905'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_906'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_907'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_908'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_909'] = ''; for (var key in MathJaxMap) { if (MathJaxMap.hasOwnProperty(key)) { $('[data-math=' + key + ']').html(MathJaxMap[key]); } } $.ajaxSetup({ cache: true }); //configure the mathjax engine window.MathJax = { "HTML-CSS": { mtextFontInherit: true, scale: 98, minScaleAdjust: 100, noReflows:false }, MathML: { useMathMLspacing: false }, menuSettings: { zoom: "Click", zscale: "125%" }, MathMenu: { showFontMenu: true } }; //$.getScript( "https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"); //$.getScript( "https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"); //$.getScript( "http://prod-cdn-packages.macmillan.cloud/media/MathJax-2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"); $.getScript( "http://prod-cdn-packages.macmillan.cloud/media/MathJax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_CHTML"); // some span content must be identified by its text $('#ips9e-ch01-p-140 [data-block_type="MN-GL-term"]:contains("distribution of a categorical variable")').addClass('up-1em'); //$('#ips9e-ch01-p-140 [data-block_type="MN-GL-term"]:contains("count")').addClass('down-1em'); $('#ips9e-ch01-p-140 [data-block_type="MN-GL-term"]:contains("percent")').addClass('down-1em'); $('#ips9e-ch01-p-140 [data-block_type="MN-GL-term"]:contains("proportion")').addClass('down-1em'); $('#ips9e-ch01-p-161 [data-block_type="MN-GL-term"]:contains("pie chart")').addClass('down-1em'); $('#ips9e-ch01-p-218 [data-block_type="MN-GL-term"]:contains("frequency table")').addClass('down-1em'); xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-01'] = "
1.1 The regular price for the Smokey Grill Ribs coupon is $20, the discount price is $11.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-03'] = "1.3 Who: The cases are coupons; there are seven cases. What: There are six variables—ID, Type, Name, Item, RegPrice, and DiscPrice. Only RegPrice and DiscPrice have units in dollars. The data might be used to compare coupons to one another to see which are better.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-07'] = "1.7 (a) The cases are students. (b) Four variables: Favorite choice for online research (“Google or Google Scholar,” “Library database or website,” “Wikipedia or online encyclopedia,” “Other”), Age (reasonable age range for first-year college students—17 to 30, etc.), Sex (M or F), and Major (could be a big list—statistics, math, engineering, English, etc.). (c) Age is quantitative, the rest are categorical. (d) The label is the number—1 to 552. (e) Who: part (a) answer; What: part (b) and (c); Why: We could look at the distribution of favorite choice across different age groups, majors, and sex.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-09'] = "1.9 (a) The cases are employees. (b) Employee identification number—label, last name—label, first name—label, middle initial—label, department—categorical, number of years—quantitative, salary—quantitative, education—categorical, age—quantitative.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-11'] = "1.11 Age: quantitative, possible values 16 to ?. Sing: categorical, yes/no. Can you play: categorical, no, a little, pretty well. Food: quantitative, possible values $0 to ?. Height: quantitative, possible values 2 feet to 9 feet.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-17'] = "1.17 The first-exam scores are left-skewed, the middle is around 80.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-19'] = "1.19 (b) Use two stems, even though one is blank. Seeing the gap is useful.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-21'] = "1.21 The larger classes hide a lot of detail; there are now only three bars in the histogram.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-25'] = "1.25 (b) The United States is a clear outlier. It has four or five times as many Facebook users as the other countries, despite having a population smaller than some of the other countries.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-27'] = "1.27 (b) Second class had the fewest passengers. Third class had by far the most, more than twice as many as in first class. (c) A bar graph of the percents (relative frequency) would have the same features.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-31'] = "1.31 (b) The distribution is somewhat right skewed. (c) There appears to be one small outlier at 2680. (d) The shape is right-skewed, the center is around 3200, the range is from 2680 to 3950.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-33'] = "1.33 (a) 2013 still has the highest usage in December and January. (b) The patterns are very similar, but the values for the winter months in 2014 are somewhat higher than those in the 2013 winter months. These differences are most likely due to weather.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-35'] = "1.35 Opinions about least-favorite color are somewhat more varied than favorite colors. Interestingly, purple is liked and disliked by about the same percentage of people.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-37'] = "1.37 White is the most popular color in 2012 for North America, followed by black, silver, and gray.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-39'] = "1.39 (a) Four variables: GPA, IQ, and self-concept are quantitative; gender is categorical. (c) Unimodal and skewed to the left, centered near 7.8, spread from 0.5 to 10.8. (d) There is more variability among the boys; in fact, there seem to be two groups of boys—those with GPAs below 5 and those with GPAs above 5.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-41'] = "1.41 The distribution is unimodal and skewed to the left, with center around 59.5. Most self-concept scores are between 35 and 73, with a few below that, and one high score of 80 (but not really high enough to be an outlier).
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-43'] = "1.43 Without Suriname: = 16.29. With Suriname: = 23.96.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-45'] = "1.45 The ordered list is: 2 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 16 17 19 19 24 25 32 38 49 53
M = 12. Without the outlier, the median is 11.5; with the outlier, the median is 12. The outlier does not influence the median greatly.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-47'] = "1.47 M = 84.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-49'] = "1.49 196.575 minutes (the value 197 in the text was rounded). The quartiles and median are in positions 20.5, 40.5, and 60.5. Based on this, Q1 = 54.5, M = 103.5, Q3 = 200.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-53'] = "1.53 From software: s2 = 157.07, s = 12.53.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-55'] = "1.55 Without Suriname: Min = 55, Q1 = 75, M = 84, Q3 = 93, Max = 97. With Suriname: Min = 2, Q1 = 5.5, M = 11.5, Q3 = 21.5, Max = 53. The max changes drastically with the outlier removed, but otherwise, the other numbers in the five-number summary do not change drastically. This shows that generally the five-number summary is robust.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-57'] = "1.57 (a) = 3208.44. (b) M = 3130.37. (c) Because the distribution is right-skewed with a potential outlier, the median is a better measure of center.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-59'] = "1.59 (a) s = 306.68. (b) Q1 = 3027.64, Q3 = 3286.95. (c) Min = 2664.38 (this is the smallest value), Q1 = 3027.64 (this value has 25% of the observations below it), M = 3130.37 (this is the middle observation, or has 50% of the observations below or above it), Q3 = 3286.95 (this value has 75% of the observations below it), Max = 4213.49 (this is the largest value). (d) The five-number summary would be better for this distribution because it is right-skewed with a potential outlier.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-61'] = "1.61 (a) The distribution is right-skewed with a potential outlier. (b) The distribution is right-skewed. (c) Preference will vary. The only advantage of the stemplot is that it preserves the data; otherwise, the histogram is likely better. The boxplot is also fine but hides some of the details that the histogram shows.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-63'] = "1.63 The KPOT values are right-skewed, whereas the KSUP values are fairly symmetric. The center for KSUP is higher than the center for the KPOT. Also, the KPOT values are more spread out than the KSUP values.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-65'] = "1.65 (a) = 122.9. (b) M = 102.5. (c) The data set is right-skewed with an outlier, so the median is a better center.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-67'] = "1.67 (a) IQR = 62. (b) Outliers are below − 26 or above 222. London is confirmed as an outlier. (c) The first three quarters are about equal in length, and the last is extremely long. (d) The main part of the distribution is relatively symmetric; there is one extreme high outlier. The minimum is about 25, the first quartile is about 70, the median is about 100, and the third quartile is about 125. There is a gap in the data from roughly 200 to about 425.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-69'] = "1.69 (a) s = 8.80. (b) With n = 50, the positions of Q1 and Q3 will be at 13 and 38. We find Q1 = 43.79 and Q3 = 57.02.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-71'] = "1.71 (a) Because weight is quantitative and has a decent number of observations (n = 25), a histogram is a good choice. Mean and standard deviation are a good starting point for numerical summaries. (b) Now that we see the distribution is left-skewed, the choice of using the mean and standard deviation was not a good choice. Median and quartiles would have been a better choice.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-73'] = "1.73 (a) With the outlier: = 5.235, M = 4.90. Without the outlier: = 5.265, M = 4.905. The values are nearly identical with and without the outlier. (b) With the outlier: s = 1.406, Q1 = 4.40, Q3 = 5.60. Without the outlier: s = 1.356, Q1 = 4.430, Q3 = 5.600. The values are nearly identical with and without the outlier. (c) Even though there is one outlier, its removal does not change the numerical summaries at all. This is partly due to the large sample and partly due to the fact that this outlier is not too far from the other observations so that removing it doesn’t have a huge effect on the analysis.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-75'] = "1.75 Some people like celebrities and business executives have very large net worths, which will pull the mean worth making it much larger than the median (Bill Gates of Microsoft, Warren Buffett, Oprah Winfrey, etc.).
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-77'] = "1.77 The mean is $115,909.09. Ten of the employees make less than the mean. M = $55,000.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-79'] = "1.79 The median doesn’t change, but the mean increases to $138,636.36.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-81'] = "1.81 The average would be 2.5 or less (an earthquake that isn’t usually felt). These do little or no damage.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-83'] = "1.83 For n = 2, the median is also the average of the two values.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-85'] = "1.85 (a) The median of seven (sorted) points is the fourth, while the median of eight points is the average of the fourth and fifth. If these are to be the same, the added point must be equal to the fourth point of the original seven, so that the fourth and fifth points are now the same. (b) Regardless of the configuration of the first seven points, if the eighth point is added so as to leave the median unchanged, then in that (sorted) set of eight, the fourth and fifth points must the same. Once we add a ninth point, one of these two points will be the new middle (fifth) point, so the median will not change.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-87'] = "1.87 (a) Picking the same number for all four observations results in a standard deviation of 0. (b) Picking 10, 10, 20, and 20 results in the largest standard deviation = 5.77. (c) For part (a), you may pick any number as long as all observations are the same. For part (b), only one choice provides the largest standard deviation.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-89'] = "1.89 = 5.302 pounds and s = 2.75 pounds.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-91'] = "1.91 Full data set: = 196.575 and M = 103.5 minutes. The 10% and 20% trimmed means are = 127.734 and = 111.917 minutes. While still larger than the median of the original data set, they are much closer to the median than the ordinary untrimmed mean.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-93'] = "1.93 According to the rule, 95% of scores will fall between ± 2. Therefore, 95% of scores are between 212 and 364.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-95'] = "1.95 z = 1.63.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-97'] = "1.97 For X = 350, z = 1.63 and the proportion less than 350 is the area to the left, which is 0.9484. For the proportion greater than or equal to 350, we calculate 0.0516.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-99'] = "1.99 To get the top 20% of students, we need to solve for the 80th percentile. The corresponding z is 0.84. So x = 319.92.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-105'] = "1.105 (b)–(c) The following table indicates the desired ranges.
Low | High | |
---|---|---|
68% | 256 | 320 |
95% | 224 | 352 |
99.7% | 192 | 384 |
1.107
Value | Percentile (Table A) | Percentile (Software) |
---|---|---|
150 | 50 | 50 |
140 | 38.6 | 38.8 |
100 | 7.6 | 7.7 |
180 | 80.5 | 80.4 |
230 | 98.9 | 98.9 |
1.109 Using the N(153, 34) distribution, we find the values corresponding to the given percentiles as given here (using Table A). The actual scores are very close to the percentiles of the Normal distribution; we can conclude these scores are at least approximately Normal.
Percentile | Score | Score with N(153, 34) |
---|---|---|
10% | 110 | 109 |
25% | 130 | 130 |
50% | 154 | 153 |
75% | 177 | 176 |
90% | 197 | 197 |
1.111 (a) Ranges are shown in the following table. In both cases, some of the lower limits are negative, which does not make sense; this happens because the women’s distribution is skewed and the men’s distribution has an outlier. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, the men’s mean is slightly higher, although the outlier is at least partly responsible for that. (b) The means suggest that Mexican men and women tend to speak more than people of the same sex from the United States.
Women | Men | |
---|---|---|
68% | 8489 to 20,919 | 7158 to 22,886 |
95% | 2274 to 27,134 | − 706 to 30,750 |
99.7% | − 3941 to 33,349 | − 8570 to 38,614 |
1.113 (a) 0.25. (b) 0.75. (c) 0.25.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-115'] = "1.115 (a) The mean is at point C; the median is at point B. (b) The mean and median are both at point A. (c) The mean is at point A; the median is at point B.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-117'] = "1.117 (a) The applet shows an area of 0.6826 between − 1.000 and 1.000, while the 68 − 95 − 99.7 rule rounds this to 0.68. (b) Between − 2.000 and 2.000, the applet reports 0.9544 (compared to the rounded 0.95 from the 68 − 95 − 99.7 rule). Between − 3.000 and 3.000, the applet reports 0.9974 (compared to the rounded 0.997).
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-119'] = "1.119 (a) 0.0808. (b) 0.9192. (c) 0.0228. (d) 0.8964.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-121'] = "1.121 (a) z = 1.17 or 1.18. (b) z = 1.17 or 1.18.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-123'] = "1.123 z = 2. From Table A, 2.28% qualify for membership.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-125'] = "1.125 For Joshua, z = − 1.02. For Anthony, z = − 1.42. Joshua has the higher standardized score.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-127'] = "1.127 z = 1.57. The equivalent SAT score is 1994.12.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-129'] = "1.129 z = − 0.46. From Table A we get 0.3228, so about the 32nd percentile.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-131'] = "1.131 Scores 1125.12 and lower make up the bottom 12% of all scores.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-133'] = "1.133 From Table A, the quartiles have z-scores of − 0.675, 0, and 0.675. Using 1498 + 316(z) yields scores of 1285, 1498, and 1711 (rounded to the nearest integer).
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-135'] = "1.135 (a) z = − 0.44. From Table A, 33% of men have low values of HDL. (Software gives 32.95%.) (b) z = 1.03. From Table A, 15.15% of men have protective levels of HDL. (Software gives 15.16%.) (c) 51.85% of men are in the intermediate range for HDL. (Software gives 0.5188.)
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-137'] = "1.137 (a) The first and last deciles for a standard Normal distribution are ± 1.2816. (b) For a N(9.12, 0.15) distribution, the first and last deciles are 8.93 and 9.31 ounces.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-139'] = "1.139 (a) As the quartiles for a standard Normal distribution are ± 0.6745, we have IQR = 1.3490. (b) c = 1.3490.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-141'] = "1.141 The deciles are shown here.
Percentile | 10% | 20% | 30% | 40% | 50% |
HDL level | 35.2 | 42.0 | 46.9 | 51.1 | 55 |
Percentile | 60% | 70% | 80% | 90% | |
HDL level | 58.9 | 63.1 | 68.0 | 74.8 |
1.143 (b) The data are roughly Normal, but there is one potential high outlier.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-145'] = "1.145 There is less energy used in 2014 from fossil fuels and more used from renewable sources; there was almost no change in nuclear and electric power usage.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-147'] = "1.147 = 8.389, s = 1.965. Min = 4.9, Q1 = 6.9, M = 8.2, Q3 = 9.5, Max = 15.1. The distribution is somewhat right-skewed so the five-number summary is a better description for highway fuel consumption.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-151'] = "1.151 (a) For car makes (a categorical variable), use either a bar graph or pie chart. For car age (a quantitative variable), use a histogram, stemplot, or boxplot. (b) Study time is quantitative, so use a histogram, stemplot, or boxplot. To show change over time, use a time plot (average hours studied against time). (c) Use a bar graph or pie chart to show radio station preferences. (d) Use a Normal quantile plot to see whether the measurements follow a Normal distribution.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-155'] = "1.155 (a) = 7.5.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-157'] = "1.157 (a) = 81.55. = 30.4.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-159'] = "1.159 (a) Most people will “round” their answers when asked to give an estimate like this; in fact, the most striking answers are ones such as 115, 170, or 230. The students who claimed 360 minutes (six hours) and 300 minutes (five hours) may have been exaggerating. (b) Women seem to generally study more (or claim to), as there are none that claim less than 60 minutes per night. The center (median) for women is 170; for men the median is 120 minutes.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-161'] = "1.161 No, and no: There are examples of many different data sets with mean 0 and standard deviation 1. Likewise, for any given five numbers a ≤ b ≤ c ≤ d ≤ e (not all the same), we can create many data sets with that five-number summary simply by taking those five numbers and adding some additional numbers in between them—for example (in increasing order): 10, . . . , 20, . . . , . . . , 30, . . . , . . . , 40, . . . , 50. As long as the number in the first blank is between 10 and 20, and so on, the five-number summary will be 10, 20, 30, 40, 50.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-163'] = "1.163 = 35.66, s = 41.56, Min = 0, Q1 = 1, M = 11.5, Q3 = 68, Max = 181. On average, the band pauses for 35.66 seconds; however, the largest portion of the time, they don’t pause at all. The distribution is strongly right-skewed and shows that sometimes the band pauses for as much as 181 seconds, or three minutes, before playing the final note.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-165'] = "1.165 Antho1 is Normally distributed. = 1.630, s = 0.521.
"; /* Even though we have this answer they don't want to use it because it's not an odd-numbered question */ /* xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-166'] = "1.166 Antho2 is Normally distributed. = 1.711, s = 0.590.
"; */ xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch01-ques-167'] = "1.167 Antho3 is right-skewed, it also has a potential high outlier. Min = 0.0546, Q1 = 0.4506, M = 0.6781, Q3 = 1.1282, Max = 6.3109.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn1'] = "1. See census.gov.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn2'] = "2. From State of Drunk Driving Fatalities in America 2010, available at responsibility.org.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn3'] = "3. James P. Purdy, “Why first-year college students select online research sources as their favorite,’’ First Monday, 17, No. 9 (September 3, 2012). See firstmonday.org.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn4'] = "4. Data collected in the lab of Connie Weaver, Department of Nutrition Sciences, Purdue University, and provided by Linda McCabe. For more information, see Corrie M. Whisner, et al., “Soluble maize fibre affects short-term calcium absorption in adolescent boys and girls: A randomized controlled trial using dual stable isotropic tracers,’’ British Journal of Nutritiion, 112 (2014), pp. 446–456.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn5'] = "5. Haipeng Shen, “Nonparametric regression for problems involving lognormal distributions,’’ PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2003. Thanks to Haipeng Shen and Larry Brown for sharing the data.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn6'] = "6. From the Digest of Education Statistics at the website of the National Center for Education Statistics, nces.ed.gov/
7. See Note 4.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn8'] = "8. Based on Barbara Ernst et al., “Seasonal variation in the deficiency of 25–hydroxyvitamin D3 in mildly to extremely obese subjects,’’ Obesity Surgery, 19 (2009), pp. 180–183.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn9'] = "9. See, for example, facebook.com/
10. From socialbakers.com. The website says that the data are updated daily. These data were downloaded on June 15, 2014.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn11'] = "11. More information about the Titanic can be found at the website for the Titanic Project in Belfast, Ireland, at titanicbelfast.com.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn12'] = "12. Data describing the passengers on the Titanic can be found at cran.r-project.org/
13. See health.gov/
14. Data collected in the lab of Connie Weaver, Department of Nutrition Sciences, Purdue University and provided by Linda McCabe.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn15'] = "15. Data from Table 1.1 in the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s July 2015 Monthly Energy Review, available at eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/mer.pdf.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn16'] = "16. From the Color Assignment website of Joe Hallock, joehallock.com/
17. From the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. See www.epa.gov/
18. See dupont.com/
19. Data provided by Darlene Gordon, Purdue University.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn20'] = "20. Data for 1980 to 2013 are available from the World Bank at data.worldbank.org/
21. See, for example, nacubo.org/
22. The data were provided by James Kaufman. The study is described in James C. Kaufman, “The cost of the muse: Poets die young,’’ Death Studies, 27 (2003), pp. 813–821. The quote from Yeats appears in this article.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn23'] = "23. See, for example, the bibliographic entry for Gosset in the School of Mathematics and Statistics of the University of St. Andrews, Scotland, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive at www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/
24. These and other data that were collected and used by Gosset can be found in the Guinness Archives in Dublin. See www.guinness-storehouse.com/
25. These data were provided by Krista Nichols, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn26'] = "26. From beer100.com/
27. Net worth from the Federal Reserve Bulletin, 100, No. 4 (2014), p. 12.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn28'] = "28. For more information about earthquakes, see the U.S. Geological Service website at usgs.gov.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn29'] = "29. See Noel Cressie, Statistics for Spatial Data, Wiley, 1993.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn30'] = "30. The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) is conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). The NAEP is a large assessment of student knowledge in a variety of subjects. See nces.ed.gov/
31. See the NCAA Eligibility Center Quick Reference Sheet, available at fs.ncaa.org/
32. Distributions for SAT scores can be found at the College Board website, research.collegeboard.org/
33. See Note 32.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn34'] = "34. See stubhub.com.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn35'] = "35. From Matthias R. Mehl et al., “Are women really more talkative than men?’’ Science, 317, No. 5834 (2007), p. 82. The raw data were provided by Matthias Mehl.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn36'] = "36. From the American Heart Association website, www.heart.org.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn37'] = "37. See eia.gov/
38. From nrcan.gc.ca/
39. Data from the careerbuilder.com website on July 3, 2014. See careerbuilder.com/
40. See online.wsj.com/
41. Data for 2015 from statista.com/
42. The Institute of Medicine website, www.iom.edu, provides links to reports related to dietary reference intakes as well as other health and nutrition topics.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn43'] = "43. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium and Carotenoids, National Academy of Sciences, 2000.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn44'] = "44. See Note 43.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn45'] = "45. See phish.net/
46. Data from Tadd Colver, Department of Statistics, Purdue University.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch1_fn47'] = "47. Data provided by Mary Ann Lila, Director, Plants for Human Health Institute, David H. Murdock Distinguished Professor, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University.
";