Magnetic resonance imaging method that uses the hydrogen proton signal to determine the concentration of brain metabolites.

Behavioral disorder caused by elevated levels of the amino acid phenylalanine in the blood and resulting from a defect in the gene for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase; the major symptom is severe developmental disability.

Tendency to engage in a behavior, such as walking, faster and faster.

Seizure that arises at a synchronous, hyperactive, localized brain region (at a focus).

Inability to stop the tongue or other body parts from moving; motor side effect of neuroleptic drugs.

Brain function enhancement by pharmacological, physiological, or surgical manipulation.

Lack of blood to the brain, usually as a result of a stroke.

Neural shock that follows brain damage in which areas connected to the site of damage show a temporary arrest of function.

Neurosurgery in which electrodes permanently implanted in the brain stimulate a targeted area with a low-voltage electrical current to facilitate behavior.

Psychotherapy based on the perspective that thoughts intervene between events and emotions, and thus the treatment of emotional disorders requires changing maladaptive patterns of thinking.

Circular fibrous structure found in several neurodegenerative disorders; forms within the cytoplasm of neurons and is thought to result from abnormal neurofilament metabolism.

Problem-focused, action-oriented, structured treatment for eliminating dysfunctional thoughts and maladaptive behaviors.

Syndrome characterized by physiological arousal associated with recurrent memories and dreams arising from a traumatic event that occurred months or years earlier.

Controlled virtual immersion environment that, by allowing individuals to relive traumatic events, gradually desensitizes them to stress.

Disordered mental state of extreme excitement.

Seizure that may start at a focal location then spread rapidly and bilaterally to distributed networks in both hemispheres.

Drug used to try to block the cascade of poststroke neural events.

Treatment that applies learning principles, such as conditioning, to eliminate unwanted behaviors.

Mood disorder characterized by periods of depression alternating with normal periods and periods of intense excitation, or mania.

Behavior-modification technique in which individuals learn to change their behavior by controlling their own patterns of brain activation.

From protein and infection, an abnormally folded protein that causes progressive neurodegenerative disorders.

Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal circuit that controls the production and release of hormones related to stress.

The American Psychiatric Association’s classification system for psychiatric disorders.

Progressive degenerative disease caused by multiple concussions and other closed-head injuries, characterized by neurofibrillary tangles, plaques, cerebral atrophy, and expanded ventricles due to cell loss.

Illness resulting from the loss of the immune system’s ability to discriminate between foreign pathogens in the body and the body itself.

Small, involuntary movements or changes in posture; motor restlessness.

Movement within neuroscience and psychoanalysis to combine the insights of both to yield a unified understanding of mind and brain.

Acquired and persistent syndrome of intellectual impairment characterized by memory and other cognitive deficits and impairment in social and occupational functioning.

Talk therapy derived from Freudian psychoanalysis and other psychological interventions.