1.101 Means and medians.

1.102 The effect of changing the standard deviation.

1.103 The effect of changing the mean.

1.104 NAEP music scores. In Exercise 1.93 (page 59) we examined the distribution of NAEP scores for the 12th-grade reading skills assessment. For eighth-grade students, the average music score is approximately Normal with mean 150 and standard deviation 35.

1.105 NAEP U.S. history scores. Refer to the previous exercise. The scores for 12th-grade students on the U.S. history assessment are approximately N(288,32) Answer the questions in the previous exercise for this assessment.

1.106 Standardize some NAEP music scores. The NAEP music assessment scores for eighth-grade students are approximately N(150,35). Find z-scores by standardizing the following scores: 150, 140, 100, 180, 230.

1.107 Compute the percentile scores. Refer to the previous exercise. When scores such as the NAEP assessment scores are reported for individual students, the actual values of the scores are not particularly meaningful. Usually, they are transformed into percentile scores. The percentile score is the proportion of students who would score less than or equal to the score for the individual student. Compute the percentile scores for the five scores in the previous exercise. State whether you used software or Table A for these computations.

1.108 Are the NAEP U.S. history scores approximately Normal? In Exercise 1.105, we assumed that the NAEP U.S history scores for 12th-grade students are approximately Normal with the reported mean and standard deviation, N(288,32). Let’s check that assumption. In addition to means and standard deviations, you can find selected percentiles for the NAEP assessments (see previous exercise). For the 12th-grade U.S. history scores, the following percentiles are reported:

Use these percentiles to assess whether or not the NAEP U.S History scores for 12th-grade students are approximately Normal. Write a short report describing your methods and conclusions.

1.109 Are the NAEP mathematics scores approximately Normal? Refer to the previous exercise. For the NAEP mathematics scores for 12th-graders, the mean is 153 and the standard deviation is 34. Here are the reported percentiles:

Is the N(153,34) distribution a good approximation for the NAEP mathematics scores? Write a short report describing your methods and conclusions.

1.110 Do women talk more? Conventional wisdom suggests that women are more talkative than men. One study designed to examine this stereotype collected data on the speech of 42 women and 37 men in the United States.³⁵

1.111 Data from Mexico. Refer to the previous exercise. A similar study in Mexico was conducted with 31 women and 20 men. The women averaged 14,704 words per day with a standard deviation of 6215. For men the mean was 15,022 and the standard deviation was 7864.

1.112 A uniform distribution. If you ask a computer to generate “random numbers” between 0 and 1, you will get observations from a uniform distribution. Figure 1.33 graphs the density curve for a uniform distribution. Use areas under this density curve to answer the following questions.

1.113 Use a different range for the uniform distribution. Many random number generators allow users to specify the range of the random numbers to be produced. Suppose that you specify that the outcomes are to be distributed uniformly between 0 and 4. Then the density curve of the outcomes has constant height between 0 and 4, and height 0 elsewhere.

1.114 Find the mean, the median, and the quartiles. What are the mean and the median of the uniform distribution in Figure 1.33? What are the quartiles?

1.115 Three density curves. Figure 1.34 displays three density curves, each with three points marked on it. At which of these points on each curve do the mean and the median fall?

1.116 Use the Normal Curve applet. Use the Normal Curve applet for the standard Normal distribution to say how many standard deviations above and below the mean the quartiles of any Normal distribution lie.

1.117 Use the Normal Curve applet. The 68–95–99.7 rule for Normal distributions is a useful approximation. You can use the Normal Curve applet on the text website to see how accurate the rule is. Drag one flag across the other so that the applet shows the area under the curve between the two flags.

1.118 Find some proportions. Using either Table A or your calculator or software, find the proportion of observations from a standard Normal distribution that satisfies each of the following statements. In each case, sketch a standard Normal curve and shade the area under the curve that is the answer to the question.

1.119 Find more proportions. Using either Table A or your calculator or software, find the proportion of observations from a standard Normal distribution for each of the following events. In each case, sketch a standard Normal curve and shade the area representing the proportion.

1.120 Find some values of z. Find the value z of a standard Normal variable Z that satisfies each of the following conditions. (If you use Table A, report the value of z that comes closest to satisfying the condition.) In each case, sketch a standard Normal curve with your value of z marked on the axis.

1.121 Find more values of z. The variable Z has a standard Normal distribution.

1.122 Find some values of z. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is the most common IQ test. The scale of scores is set separately for each age group, and the scores are approximately Normal with mean 100 and standard deviation 15. People with WAIS scores below 70 are considered developmentally disabled when, for example, applying for Social Security disability benefits. What percent of adults are developmentally disabled by this criterion?

1.123 High IQ scores. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is the most common IQ test. The scale of scores is set separately for each age group, and the scores are approximately Normal with mean 100 and standard deviation 15. The organization MENSA, which calls itself “the high-IQ society,” requires a WAIS score of 130 or higher for membership. What percent of adults would qualify for membership?

There are two major tests of readiness for college, the ACT and the SAT. ACT scores are reported on a scale from 1 to 36. The distribution of ACT scores is approximately Normal with mean μ = 21.5 and standard deviation σ = 5.4. SAT scores are reported on a scale from 600 to 2400. The distribution of SAT scores is approximately Normal with mean μ = 1498 and standard deviation σ = 316. Exercises 1.124 through 1.133 are based on this information.

1.124 Compare an SAT score with an ACT score. Jessica scores 1830 on the SAT. Ashley scores 27 on the ACT. Assuming that both tests measure the same thing, who has the higher score? Report the z-scores for both students.

1.125 Make another comparison. Joshua scores 16 on the ACT. Anthony scores 1050 on the SAT. Assuming that both tests measure the same thing, who has the higher score? Report the z-scores for both students.

1.126 Find the ACT equivalent. Jorge scores 2090 on the SAT. Assuming that both tests measure the same thing, what score on the ACT is equivalent to Jorge’s SAT score?

1.127 Find the SAT equivalent. Alyssa scores 30 on the ACT. Assuming that both tests measure the same thing, what score on the SAT is equivalent to Alyssa’s ACT score?

1.128 Find an SAT percentile. Reports on a student’s ACT or SAT results usually give the percentile as well as the actual score. The percentile is just the cumulative proportion stated as a percent: the percent of all scores that were lower than or equal to this one. Renee scores 2050 on the SAT. What is her percentile?

1.129 Find an ACT percentile. Reports on a student’s ACT or SAT results usually give the percentile as well as the actual score. The percentile is just the cumulative proportion stated as a percent: the percent of all scores that were lower than or equal to this one. Joshua scores 19 on the ACT. What is his percentile?

1.130 How high is the top 12%? What SAT scores make up the top 12% of all scores?

1.131 How low is the bottom 12%? What SAT scores make up the bottom 12% of all scores?

1.132 Find the ACT quintiles. The quintiles of any distribution are the values with cumulative proportions 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, and 0.80. What are the quintiles of the distribution of ACT scores?

1.133 Find the SAT quartiles. The quartiles of any distribution are the values with cumulative proportions 0.25 and 0.75. What are the quartiles of the distribution of SAT scores?

1.134 Do you have enough “good cholesterol?” High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is sometimes called the “good cholesterol” because low values are associated with a higher risk of heart disease. According to the American Heart Association, people over the age of 20 years should have at least 40 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl) of HDL cholesterol.³⁶ U.S. women aged 20 and over have a mean HDL of 55 mg/dl with a standard deviation of 15.5 mg/dl. Assume that the distribution is Normal.

1.135 Men and HDL cholesterol. HDL cholesterol levels for men have a mean of 46 mg/dl with a standard deviation of 13.6 mg/dl. Answer the questions given in the previous exercise for the population of men.

1.136 Diagnosing osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a condition in which the bones become brittle due to loss of minerals. To diagnose osteoporosis, an elaborate apparatus measures bone mineral density (BMD). BMD is usually reported in standardized form. The standardization is based on a population of healthy young adults. The World Health Organization (WHO) criterion for osteoporosis is a BMD 2.5 standard deviations below the mean for young adults. BMD measurements in a population of people similar in age and sex roughly follow a Normal distribution.

1.137 Deciles of Normal distributions. The deciles of any distribution are the 10th, 20th, . . ., 90th percentiles. The first and last deciles are the 10th and 90th percentiles, respectively.

1.138 Quartiles for Normal distributions. The quartiles of any distribution are the values with cumulative proportions 0.25 and 0.75.

1.139 IQR for Normal distributions. Continue your work from the previous exercise. The interquartile range IQR is the distance between the first and third quartiles of a distribution.

1.140 Outliers for Normal distributions. Continue your work from the previous two exercises. The percent of the observations that are suspected outliers according to the 1.5 × IQR rule is the same for any Normal distribution. What is this percent?

1.141 Deciles of HDL cholesterol. The deciles of any distribution are the 10th, 20th, . . . , 90th percentiles. Refer to Exercise 1.134 where we assumed that the distribution of HDL cholesterol in U.S. women aged 20 and over is Normal with mean 55 mg/dl and standard deviation 15.5 mg/dl. Find the deciles for this distribution.

1.142 Longleaf pine trees. Exercise 1.88 (page 50) gives the diameter at breast height (DBH) for 40 longleaf pine trees from the Wade Tract in Thomas County, Georgia. Make a Normal quantile plot for these data and write a short paragraph interpreting what it describes.

1.143 Potassium from potatoes. Refer to Exercise 1.30 (page 24) where you used a stemplot to examine the potassium absorption of a group of 27 adults who ate a controlled diet that included 40 mEq of potassium from potatoes for five days. In Exercise 1.61 (page 47), you compared the stemplot, the histogram, and the boxplot as graphical summaries of this distribution.

1.144 Potassium from a supplement. Refer to Exercise 1.31 (page 24) where you used a stemplot to examine where you examined the potassium absorption of a group of 29 adults who ate a controlled diet that included 40 mEq of potassium from a supplement for five days. In Exercise 1.62 (page 47), you compared the stemplot, the histogram, and the boxplot as graphical summaries of this distribution.