Chapter 9 - The Cruelest Sport - Exploring the Text: Oates alludes to Thomas Hobbes, a seventeenth-century philosopher, who described the life of man as “nasty, brutish, and short,” to characterize the life of a boxer (para. 2), adding “and not even that remunerative.” What is the effect of this allusion? What other literary allusions does Oates make? How do they help her develop her ideas about boxing?