Chapter
1. Is the Swagger-Meter 1.0 a Quality Measure?
Introduction
Chapter 4
true
true
You must read each slide, and complete any questions on the slide, in sequence.
Self-report
Any measurement technique that directly asks the participant how they think or feel.
Behavioral Measure
A measure of participants’ actions in a research design.
Behavioral Trace
A behavioral measure that relies on evidence left behind by a participant who is no longer present.
Behavioral Observation
A behavioral measure that relies on directly seeing or observing behavior.
Behavioral Choice
A behavioral measure involving participants making a purposeful selection from several options.
Raw Score
The actual score, comprised of a true score and error.
True Score
What the score would be if the test were a perfect measure of the attribute being tested and were uninfluenced by any extraneous factors.
Error
The part of the raw score that represents the extraneous influences that will cause the raw score to deviate from the true score.
Random Error
Variation from the measure’s true score due to unsystematic or chance factors.
Bias or Systematic Error
Error that consistently pushes scores in a given direction.
Standardization
Keeping the experimental situation the same for everyone and as free from variation as possible.
Sensitivity
The range of data a researcher can gather from a particular instrument.
Reliability
The stability or consistency of a measure.
Validity
The degree to which a tool measures what it claims to measure.
Simple Random Sampling
A probability sampling method in which a subset of individuals are randomly selected from population members.
Convenience Sampling
Nonrandom selections of participants who are readily available to the researcher to serve as the sample.
Nonresponse Bias
A potential systematic difference between those who refused to participate in a study and those who participated.
Volunteer Subject Problem
Those who self-select or choose to be in a study may differ in some meaningful way related to the research question from those who make the choice not to participate.
College Sophomore Problem
A particular participant pool (e.g., a group of college students) does not adequately represent other populations, as participants tend to all be around the same age.
Demand Characteristic
A cue that potentially makes participants aware of what the experimenter expects.
Social Desirability
The tendency for respondents to give answers that make them look good.
The Psychologist’s Toolbox
In this activity, you will evaluate whether a device called the Swagger-Meter is a quality measure and will consider the best way to administer this measure.
Dr. Natalie J. Ciarocco, Monmouth University
Dr. David B. Strohmetz, University of West Florida
Dr. Gary W. Lewandowski, Jr., Monmouth University
Something to Think About…
Scenario: The mall is a popular place for the 18- to 25-year-old demographic. Companies know this and continually seek to develop new products that target this key segment of the market. In fact, a new company named YOLO Incorporated has designed a product that, according to their website and press release, “provides user-specific, science-based insights into a key aspect of young adults’ personalities: swagger.” In addition, “the Swagger-Meter uniquely capitalizes on people’s desire for self-knowledge and data-based social comparison information.”
Specifically, YOLO Inc. wants to place their new product, the Swagger-Meter 1.0, in mall food courts across the United States.
Your job is to determine whether you should invest your money in this company.
Something to Think About…
If you are thinking like a scientist, you are probably feeling skeptical about the Swagger-Meter 1.0. To decide whether this product will be successful and worth your investment, you need to determine whether the Swagger-Meter 1.0 is a quality measure.
John Giustina/Iconica/Getty Images
Something to Think About…
Before you can know whether something is a quality measure, you need to clearly define the variable that it aims to measure.
Question
1.1
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Something to Think About…
According to the YOLO Inc. press release, “Swagger is a mental state of being in which a person exudes a high level of confidence and composure. Swagger can border on arrogance, but is more about a sense of positive self-assuredness that makes the person charismatic and admired.”
Now that you know how YOLO Inc. defines “swagger,” it is time to find out how the company attempts to measure “swagger.” First, YOLO Inc. asks individuals to place their right hand on a metal plate. The company then measures their skin conductance, which corresponds to “degree of swagger.” This is what the Swagger-Meter 1.0 looks like. . .
Our Research Question
Jesse Kunerth/iStock/Getty Images
Now that you know what the Swagger-Meter 1.0 looks like, and what it claims to measure, you can begin to answer two questions:
- Is the Swagger-Meter 1.0 a quality measure?
- Should you invest your money in this product and YOLO Inc.?
Picking the Best Measurement
Let’s start by evaluating the nature of the Swagger-Meter 1.0 measurements.
Self-report
Behavioral Measure
Question
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Lev Mei/iStock/Getty Images
Identifying the Design
Question
1.3
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Lev Mei/iStock/Getty Images
Picking the Best Measurement
Now, let’s evaluate the different types of behavioral measures.
Behavioral Trace
Behavioral Observation
Behavioral Choice
Question
1.4
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Lev Mei/iStock/Getty Images
Evaluating the Measure
Keep in mind that all measurements are approximate. In fact, every measurement consists of three parts: raw score, true score, and error.
Raw Score
True Score
Error
Evaluating the Measure
Since all measures contain some form of error, the Swagger-Meter 1.0 will be no exception. We must identify where error can creep in and determine how problematic it might prove to be. First, let’s review the two types of measurement error: random error and bias (also known as systematic error).
Random Error
Bias or Systematic Error
Evaluating the Measure
Now it’s your turn. Indicate whether the following potential sources of measurement error represent random error or bias.
Question
1.5
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1.6
MR/O1TkMUtkZeR9QOMON67Y4t/U6F7je73MDb040qi7WBjUmnXHEiv3hHRVabYWyoEzKPciylGMncxYDQiQqFqKSwj5zUueT2VSxxBsQGHTFWDI3qXgkIw8wVSQGvZwVubb9pTeYZ8OepF3o1bREShFjEN+fedGi8Zx2V1BGlmaSVeUv1l/3jHhdkvFgLer3id0hBjNc8ieKZ3yBPLqOyQeii3QX/VXKvdHnIFEf71unxso7N2HFTZId2Wb+oMmDkzfXWa6DO7q7btlw3dbW02LX1K2p0B5hifuj5jjpanhfeCFVUzjJDZXIP5rdnLY4187ucaXRZGQJ0skzcAagu912OzpglP6D057yg+1isHBX+yFVWWyiGpS8WUG11x4kG0XWoXSe2DdAwvP6IOi2/9k8RW4NQmVbgBsBl/7wjvhvo+mxsKp3i49SY+oXJ87R4eEQST/HQERaKvMmVtROaBHXvJ0aintx
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Question
1.7
ueSiKvD0bEsWc6M9xv7ndNM8Jb9hVaH77aXeGaIRln09ToWpp9ga1IAy7ahEoMpnYDkDREJ0Rifvz/XqoEmUwEuUMXSQFa1QvxByRyqf7qfbX8iI6y+KnjeR+bd3ktLC00oO9UXgtqBENTUhuenW6YJfdnoaKY7H9dSZwp0uJ7pvvMuwI6nM/1YlNMJPS+Fr6VyEkxWZO6jj8FUSTQTaaB27WbXWWkB6YhGy9foqEXjlAAuVIxnPbAFJCDctxrlcUNjppCOh70nsi7GN2lnVaK7jbZBsGao+dojNBts32cmixAIrdtMB4r3rrbwZucVpBfT1IeFZbxdsM+sBSCmkOFuIbUWz/mLtxFy4nzKzw8bWvndlcfP9IA5mbtSofgB6AwitnUBoqee2NpqyKlVAb5owtyfn+PxAechuewPsH3JET9FTA/swld2eYf4EeBdvhiCeK2S4sw0n9gdANWkHFtHe16tHoN+8tXdj4MSIpavtAxS56GZ1k/0D9y4wsVA2SxXN9aiAKt5sgMSU5SaB6oKHHSDICmhGRj5HRaAqyHHPB+XGlGUM5AsMO0cnoyxyyQJ+um8JLFt3NTbqYlc5oyXscJXo8uFtp86sPhtTD1Pnd+vVruroj99FzcTHGTPTVFKMjYhxjw8=
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Evaluating the Measure
To decide whether or not the Swagger-Meter 1.0 is a high-quality measure, you need to determine if YOLO Inc. has developed a consistent process for measuring people’s swagger. In other words, you need to know if there is standardization in the administration of the Swagger-Meter 1.0.
Evaluating the Measure
Question
1.8
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checklist_activity
checklist_question_1
Evaluating the Measure: A Checklist
Question
1.9
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
checklist_question_1
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Adequate |
Poor |
Standardization |
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Sensitivity |
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Reliability |
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Validity |
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Evaluating the Measure
If the Swagger-Meter 1.0 is truly a high-quality measure, it will have adequate sensitivity, or a good range of possible measurement levels.
Question
1.10
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
2
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.
checklist_activity
checklist_question_2
Evaluating the Measure: A Checklist
Question
1.11
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
checklist_question_2
2
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.
|
Adequate |
Poor |
Standardization |
|
|
Sensitivity |
|
|
Reliability |
|
|
Validity |
|
|
Evaluating the Measure
If the Swagger-Meter 1.0 is a high-quality measure, it must be able to consistently and reliably assess users’ swagger.
Question
1.12
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
2
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.
Evaluating the Measure
Based on what you know about reliability, you decide that you need to test the Swagger-Meter 1.0 prototype during an investor visit to YOLO Inc.
Question
1.13
PH1+zrVOEt/7YyJMtvCNAf3QpeksledVCVxtEGPfwb7gx3DkykrCC0i1YVAnPGI/K8KN2dG85mVHH1W4PvQPiflpddqwdn/aO/0rdBjcAyXerYnZhzvv3Jg1rmjxjp9/pMlzZVNETj0KF4smqEPE4oaODkpPwJ9RalKsz3nATU7JYZtP7yW/A65SvwotFXfLU2bC76EpMFPABlRJKghY8nGxjgMElzE69s9phNzpMwe9P9ubxjs+okXwgeIz8an+bqK2RvYLqXnEV+gqHGUvAhLBu4aaxeqSqx6T3sVHdDw2snppGASIUYHEjS5iPsV6OJcgqO8Qwv9oVYjsAZAufvnG/RWpuoQmoaaUV66b6eSaTrtBuCd642qubrDl0tikipMTIZ53QaFMJWDWtndLC/VB4QWmoulJhybabQ0FskSDZ0D9DajRzM+sHgnBH55CqLrqGZiEDEqWPCfCtJL1Eef7sSs/mXH1eH8a+snIycZkS3KlKzIyoSeM6/RAwUEN16mV0GMV9+ga2Y2k6L+81nGQ5lnpDrvVddZOmJQeJvxblKLYfjqUqnTnv/jsCDVKumWgnGPBn7Nc0ha/ufJaGg4xwQLlCXeBPNa5M31lPIB92frV/YGVlCdjN5x0wEC71ZGa5H6VVxZBtYTZIgBwi4w4TQHKBnmXUkbfaEsjj/eDGuQm7wHaHkV/A9JuTU4xPBJUruPpU8tVInzbKOEu0V3ipW1v1vAWR65gpyCcQ5vhqL5poRpDhl+1eSs1QXG9YzKKtPKyFCqr0I94n++jKYYDRP8eTHmaDznt/cbC26i7a7cVh9IAPb0GIjDe2nrJz1Bzh7s6krT5e0sUqKEO8px4jvWoI6nnyS6gPrwkcms4oHRzk65oONXs7F7yi+VRBCDcJz3DeT2quJkMHFSgDTpPrdnsk1KocKRpvTNt/hKVJO4nanLvaUslHvCLT5RWpZKGIyrYbTKjNUYQFlGg5H+kWVukeANoQo2sc6FR0mvEJDTyNTNaxsgPXwRLJwb5Eu0FNZYzlXOUL5f6g3PjEC2MwTkHChJDi1YH1imrZfABMolGOiQrxOIJGaAcWAfXmRUE/XFcoMxLDL2edWaMCuJYjfMvB7cNwU1Es/vWVRECW8WVBZDJGZHDJCrSnc+lpmxv0/GJx+b3fKA6bckwmIifZjQzrxR6JTvK8RmmOBkcmyjT6wA19IxAldv7UTEA8exJnwof/GaVUb+CzWCtgvhSRv2e4Yr6arCEmP0W52etMwI28+oJ40uqjsIQbPD1oEVrgMSgLaFmVWx3Ydx0kUlj2wszn9gLwrtJ+KA900+mCzt/kLxf5QZ92EGv7pUgDPLnVt3srLnp+NfND7c5U0N6Su5D1AxTHRkAA7nE3UgLpO7kAXCi+eOh8dMu/tm3KgYEUeWAiMhPJWuVTGvbhWazQRQ3AzdbLp6NVuQry8kGdOievGDUtSu76prfjQF/PNl2S4faNmdsd+gKtfuEQNdoRHQiq9qYDLrJuhywbwHnJQxVgPmPZdHh1rI5r8pJYtU6K48zRyJP7w/EL9I2EeICHXIztSs3hXUlyM5ewPY5IaGB/A/D2FA4B5l19Vqehl1jV4FBsfKC2DAJV2qG7PyT1Yg1qLX5hHiwMV0C8VC7qbEl7jTz3AOSYUHwZ0Lu3iTOnFPmzKh+dlWrzFktUexNrX4A2KfJu5svJ/T7oJQ=
2
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.
checklist_activity
checklist_question_3
Evaluating the Measure: A Checklist
Question
1.14
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
checklist_question_3
2
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.
|
Adequate |
Poor |
Standardization |
|
|
Sensitivity |
|
|
Reliability |
|
|
Validity |
|
|
Evaluating the Measure
So far, you have determined that the Swagger-Meter 1.0 has adequate standardization, sensitivity, and reliability. Next, you need to evaluate its validity. That is, does the Swagger-Meter 1.0 actually measure “swagger”?
Evaluating the Measure
One way to check a measure’s validity is to compare it to other measures of swagger. The YOLO Inc. press release states, “Our Research and Development Department placed a beta version of the Swagger-Meter in a nearby mall where patrons of all ages could choose to test their swagger. Field tests included 490 patrons with equal numbers of males and females ranging in age from 18–87. . . . All test participants reported the Swagger-Meter was uncanny in its accuracy.”
Simple Random Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Question
1.15
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
2
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.
Evaluating the Measure
Anytime someone uses data to support a claim being made on TV, in an advertisement, or, in this case, in a business press release, you need to use your psychological literacy skills to critically evaluate their claim. After all, you don’t want to make the wrong choice based on faulty information. A good place to start your evaluation is the source of the data, namely the sample used. Common issues that can compromise data include the nonresponse bias, volunteer subject problem, and college sophomore problem.
Question
1.16
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
2
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.
Evaluating the Measure
YOLO Inc.’s press release states, “Based on their data and feedback, the R & D Department’s analysis demonstrates that the Swagger-Meter 1.0 accurately measures a person’s ‘hotness’ and ‘electricity of personality’ using a set of strategically placed titanium sensors that assess ‘tactile temperature’ and ‘skin conductance/galvanic skin response’ on the person’s hand. All test participants reported the Swagger-Meter was uncanny in its accuracy.”
For each of the following findings, indicate whether the finding fails to support the validity of the Swagger-Meter 1.0 as a true measure of swagger.
Question
1.17
Qjr9phbRNGug0RJV0Dk9xykPnQli8AD1pyDkSIH6vIlhJgfsmluz+hv2e10gM6FacimLj5BvJNB5jiqFG6qjRQyfRgrVjaDrk/0mfEB72A5VdXasPrAowJvQDVYQ6dW8FzIgG1FGl0XXqq5wdZjgconxEYo5nP8RwrNVjhQh9IlpcW5Yj37YXWHXtiafsJNy2bS9beDrt/cLghEmlbX/wQaWKdjuPwFmPohliu+sxduIc3sBrIS7yRe8UvxwujiCa/hJkEoNhNHGcDzSNZ13AeTCc0KeIrXD32ousucbySqRPBbaVROwbVJjF/y8h1cbh6xocUBggpMh5B5dS9rJYNgouc5FoQFolwh0QpCS9+hM55m0lQ4Woz3xsGA5I+2rfZ8ttT10TgTIgIfwVJVEJLJIZBQlb5UNs044WUmeobC6QbSuakX2p0G7TSbPcKaL/OgvSsdNtwNM4Q/jMAFAuYoW9BP/mO02OUZU6kBtyw1ZCiQLjAk+VKtYiu+p7fypZ0zg3CKDOiMTio7RHG7QhAcZvYapXt4SBWHgJPMqlXARxigM8zZl9+1X8p4C1nACTLJ1uFMx2V6Fq/wTY9zZFG9Dztef69A2ZqMcQIvlYC0JAvONQCK5gVr/sPj0ZVAJ2Bd7Qe9n2Wzbt+1ydo6kYXTVX+G2lH+4LoMfCOqKYxVoVmtLWDcwcNpu6DwkmceYljcx6x/jwga7jmluws+fcJcPOSrmSRcMBzwtBxSsfnAc0Zcw2mJ0xujQdfiUwG8T84ufHO1m6nMatzq+r4I81/6MYjejb7fhO1ZcCg==
2
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.
Question
1.18
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
2
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.
checklist_activity
checklist_question_5
Evaluating the Measure
For each of the following findings, indicate whether the finding fails to support the validity of the Swagger-Meter 1.0 as a true measure of swagger.
Question
1.19
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
checklist_question_5
2
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.
Demand Characteristic
Social Desirability
checklist_activity
checklist_question_4
Evaluating the Measure: A Checklist
Question
1.20
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
checklist_question_4
2
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.
|
Adequate |
Poor |
Standardization |
|
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Sensitivity |
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Reliability |
|
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Validity |
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The Decision
As successful investor Warren Buffett advised, “Never invest in a business you cannot understand.” Now that you have spent time studying the Swagger-Meter 1.0, you must make a final determination about whether the Swagger-Meter 1.0 is a quality measure, and, if it is, whether you should invest your money in this company.
Question
1.21
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
2
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.
The Decision
Because you contacted YOLO Inc. for a copy of its press release, someone from the Investor Relations Department gives you a call as a follow-up to answer any questions you may have. During that call, you explain your evaluation of the measure and concerns about its lack of validity. The company representative freely admits that the Swagger-Meter 1.0 may not actually measure swagger. But, he goes on to explain, “Users are confident that it measures swagger. Besides, if people believe it is true, who cares whether it is? People are free to believe what they want and believe all sorts of things that aren’t true all the time.”
Question
1.22
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
2
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.
Take Home Message
RapidEye/iStockphoto/Getty Images
Now that you have decided not to invest in YOLO Inc.’s new product, it would be useful to explain what your findings mean in everyday terms so that others can benefit from your evaluation.
Question
1.23
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
2
Try again.
Correct.
Incorrect.
Congratulations
Congratulations! You have successfully completed this activity.
KMGS Photography/Moment/Getty Images