| Condition | Effect on plants |
|---|---|
| Drought | Reduced water potential, dehydration |
| Flooding | Reduced O2 and respiration |
| High temperature | Changes in membrane fluidity and in proteins |
| Low temperature | Changes in membrane fluidity, damage by ice crystals |
| Salinity | Reduced water potential, dehydration |
| Metal element toxicity | Disruption of metabolism |