| Type of molecule | Role in catalyzed reactions |
|---|---|
| Prosthetic groups | |
| Heme | Binds ions, O2, and electrons |
| FAD | Carries electrons/protons |
| Retinal | Converts light energy |
| Inorganic cofactors | |
| Iron (Fe2+ or Fe3+) | Oxidation/reduction |
| Copper (Cu+ or Cu2+) | Oxidation/reduction |
| Zinc (Zn2+) | Stabilizes DNA binding structure |
| Coenzymes | |
| Biotin | Carries —COO– |
| Coenzyme A | Carries —C |
| NAD | Carries electrons/protons |
| ATP | Provides/extracts energy |