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ILLUSTRATION CREDITS

Frontispiece © Frank Krahmer/Getty Images.

Contents Page xxxi, Part 1: Courtesy of Scott Bauer/USDA ARS. Page xxxi, Part 2: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. Page xxxi, Part 3: Data from PDB 1AB9. N. H. Yennawar, H. P. Yennawar, & G. K. Farber, 1994. Biochemistry 33: 7326. Page xxxi, Part 4: © Jim Sugar/Getty Images. Page xxxi, Part 5: © Power and Syred/Science Source. Page xxxi, Part 6: © PjrStudio/Alamy Stock Photo. Page xxxi, Part 7: © Paul van Gaalen/ANP Photo/AGE Fotostock. Page xxxi, Part 8: Courtesy of Andrew D. Sinauer. Page xxxi, Part 9: David McIntyre. Page xxxi, Part 10: © Carol Buchanan/AGE Fotostock. Page xxxii: © vgajic/Getty Images. Page xxxiii: © Mediscan/Alamy Stock Photo. Page xxxiv: © Roland Birke/Getty Images. Page xxxv: © Alex Lay/Getty Images. Page xxxvii: © acceptfoto/Getty Images. Page xxxviii: © Andrew Syred/Science Source. Page xxxix: © Science VU/Dr. F. Rudolph Turner/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Page xl: © blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo. Page xli: © Russell Kightley/Science Source. Page xlii: © Philippe Crassous/Getty Images. Page xliii: © All Canada Photos/Alamy Stock Photo. Page xliv: © edward rowland/Alamy Stock Photo. Page xlv: © Zu Sanchez Photography/Getty Images. Page xlvii: © Danita Delimont/Getty Images. Page xlviii: © haydn baker/Alamy Stock Photo. Page xlix: © Scott Camazine/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Page l: © Ken Catania/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Page li: © Ralph Hutchings/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Page lii: © Hiroya Minakuchi/Minden Pictures. Page liii: © Steve Hopkin/Getty Images. Page liv: © Juan Carlos Muñoz/Getty Images. Page lv: © Adam Jones/Science Source. Page lvi: © iStock.com/olof van der steen.

Chapter 1 Opener: © National Geographic Image Collection/Alamy Stock Photo. 1.1A: © Eye of Science/SPL/Science Source. 1.1B: © Science Photo Library RF/Photolibrary.com. 1.1C: © Steve Gschmeissner/Science Source. 1.1D: © Premaphotos/Alamy Stock Photo. 1.1E: © GC Stock/Alamy Stock Photo. 1.1F: © Steve Bloom Images/Alamy Stock Photo. 1.3A: © Annie Cavanagh/BSIP/Science Source. 1.3B: © Kwangshin Kim/Science Source. 1.3C: © Dr. Gopal Murti/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 1.4A: © Dr. Robert Calentine/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 1.4B: © Walter Geiersperger/Corbis. 1.4C: © Krystyna Szulecka/Alamy Stock Photo. 1.7A: © Life on white/Alamy Stock Photo. 1.7B: © Stockbroker xtra/AGE Fotostock. 1.7C: © Nature Picture Library/Alamy Stock Photo. 1.7D: © Stephen Dalton/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 1.8A: © takayuki/Shutterstock. 1.8B: © mimagephotography/Shutterstock. 1.11A: © Bence Máté/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 1.11B: © Stefan Huwiler/Rolfnp/Alamy Stock Photo. 1.13: From Xu et al., 2006. Nature 442: 705. © Macmillan Publishers Ltd. 1.14: © Kim Kulish/Corbis. 1.15A: Courtesy of Wayne Whippen. 1.16: Courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey. 1.17: © Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. Page 14: © Reinhard Dirscherl/Alamy Stock Photo.

Chapter 2 Opener: © imageBROKER/Alamy Stock Photo. inset: © Phil Degginger/Alamy Stock Photo. 2.3: Used with permission of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, mayoclinic.com. 2.13: © Pablo H Caridad/Shutterstock. 2.15A: © Michael Cole/Corbis. 2.15B: © kawhia/Shutterstock. 2.15C: David McIntyre. Page 25 left: © dpa picture alliance archive/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 25 right: © Michael Neelon/Alamy Stock Photo.

Chapter 3 Opener: © Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc. 3.9: Data from PDB 1IVM. T. Obita, T. Ueda, & T. Imoto, 2003. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 60: 176. 3.11: Data from PDB 2HHB. G. Fermi et al., 1984. J. Mol. Biol. 175: 159. 3.18C left: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 3.18C middle: © Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc. 3.18C right: © Don W. Fawcett/Science Source. 3.19 Ear: David McIntyre. 3.19 Beetle: © Pan Xunbin/Shutterstock. Page 44 Spider: © blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 44 Silkworm: © iStock.com/Noppharat05081977. Page 60: David McIntyre.

Chapter 4 Opener: Courtesy of NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS. inset: Courtesy of NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS. 4.8: Courtesy of the Argonne National Laboratory. 4.10B: Courtesy of Janet Iwasa, Szostak group, MGH/Harvard. 4.11: © Stanley M. Awramik/Biological Photo Service. 4.11 inset: © Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc. Page 74: Courtesy of NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona.

Chapter 5 Opener: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 5.1: After N. Campbell, 1990. Biology, 2nd Ed., Benjamin Cummings. 5.1 Protein: Data from PDB 1IVM. T. Obita, T. Ueda, & T. Imoto, 2003. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 60: 176. 5.1 T4: © Dept. of Microbiology, Biozentrum/SPL/Science Source. 5.1 Bacterium: © Jim Biddle/Centers for Disease Control. 5.1 Plant cells: © blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo. 5.1 frog egg: David McIntyre. 5.1 Chipmunk: © Margaret M Stewart/Shutterstock. 5.1 Baby: Courtesy of Sebastian Grey Miller. 5.3 Light microscope: © Radu Razvan/Shutterstock. 5.3 Bright-field: Courtesy of the IST Cell Bank, Genoa. 5.3 Phase-contrast: © Michael W. Davidson, Florida State U. 5.3 DIC: © Michael W. Davidson, Florida State U. 5.3 Stained: © Richard J. Green/SPL/Science Source. 5.3 Fluorescence: © Michael W. Davidson, Florida State U. 5.3 Confocal: © Dr. Gopal Murti/SPL/Science Source. 5.3 Electron microscope: © Sinclair Stammers/Science Source. 5.3 TEM: © Dr. Gopal Murti/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 5.3 SEM: © K. R. Porter/SPL/Science Source. 5.3 Freeze-fracture: © D. W. Fawcett/Science Source. 5.4: © J. J. Cardamone Jr. & B. K. Pugashetti/Biological Photo Service. 5.5A: © Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc. 5.5B: Courtesy of David DeRosier, Brandeis U. 5.6 Nuclear: Reproduced with permission from Y. Mizutani et al., 2001. J. Cell Sci. 114: 3727. 5.6 Mitochondrial: From L. Argaud et al., 2004. Cardiovasc. Res. 61: 115. 5.6 ER: From Y. Mizutani et al., 2001. J. Cell Sci. 114: 3727. 5.7 Mitochondrion: © K. Porter, D. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 5.7 Nucleus: © Richard Rodewald/Biological Photo Service. 5.7 Cytoskeleton: © Don Fawcett, John Heuser/Science Source. 5.7 Cell wall: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 5.7 Smooth ER: © Don Fawcett, D. Friend/Science Source. 5.7 Ribosome: From M. Boublik et al., 1990. The Ribosome, p. 177. Courtesy of American Society for Microbiology. 5.7 Centrioles: © Barry F. King/Biological Photo Service. 5.7 Plasma membrane: Courtesy of J. David Robertson, Duke U. Medical Center. 5.7 Rough ER: © Don Fawcett/Science Source. 5.7 Peroxisome: © E. H. Newcomb & S. E. Frederick/Biological Photo Service. 5.7 Chloroplast: © W. P. Wergin, E. H. Newcomb/Biological Photo Service. 5.7 Golgi apparatus: Courtesy of L. Andrew Staehelin, U. Colorado. 5.8A: © Barry King, U. California, Davis/Biological Photo Service. 5.8B: © Don Fawcett/Science Source. 5.8C: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 5.9: © B. Bowers/Science Source. 5.10: © Sanders/Biological Photo Service. 5.11: © K. Porter, D. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 5.12: © W. P. Wergin, E. H. Newcomb/Biological Photo Service. 5.13: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 5.14: Courtesy of Vic Small, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Salzburg, Austria. 5.16: Courtesy of N. Hirokawa. 5.17A left: © SPL/Science Source. 5.17A right, 5.17B: © W. L. Dentler/Biological Photo Service. 5.19B: From N. Pollock et al., 1999. J. Cell Biol. 147: 493. Courtesy of R. D. Vale. 5.20A: © iStock.com/micro_photo. 5.21: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 5.22 left: Courtesy of David Sadava. 5.22 upper right: From J. A. Buckwalter & L. Rosenberg, 1983. Coll. Rel. Res. 3: 489. Courtesy of L. Rosenberg. 5.22 lower right: © J. Gross, Biozentrum/SPL/Science Source. Page 83: Courtesy of Dr. Siobhan Marie O’Connor. Page 96 Daffodil: © iStock.com/SilentWolf. Page 96 Chromoplasts: From Gunning, B. E. S. Plant Cell Biology on DVD: Information for students and a resource for teachers. Springer, 2009 (www.springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/book/978-3-642-03690-3). Page 96 Potatoes: © iStock.com/John Shepherd. Page 96 Leucoplast: Courtesy of R. R. Dute. Page 98 Grapes: © Julia Lelija/Shutterstock. Page 98 Electron microscope: © iStock.com/Savas Keskiner. Page 98 Light microscope: © MaZiKab/Shutterstock. Page 98 Tannin images: From Brillouet et al., 2013. Annals of Botany 112: 1003. Page 99 Figures A, B: From Brillouet et al., 2013. Annals of Botany 112: 1003. Page 109: © Charles Mazel/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.

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Chapter 6 Opener: © Russell Kightley/Science Source. inset: © AF archive/Alamy Stock Photo. 6.2: After L. Stryer, 1981. Biochemistry, 2nd Ed., W. H. Freeman. 6.4: © D. W. Fawcett/Science Source. 6.7A: Courtesy of D. S. Friend, U. California, San Francisco. 6.7B: Courtesy of Darcy E. Kelly, U. Washington. 6.7C: Courtesy of C. Peracchia. 6.10A top: © Stanley Flegler/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 6.10A bottom: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images. 6.10B top: © David M. Phillips/Science Source. 6.10B bottom: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images. 6.10C top: © David M. Phillips/Science Source. 6.10C bottom: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images. 6.17: From M. M. Perry, 1979. J. Cell Sci. 39: 26. Page 122: From G. M. Preston et al., 1992. Science 256: 385. Page 128: © blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo.

Chapter 7 Opener: © Wim van Egmond/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 7.3A: Data from PDB 3EML. V. P. Jaakola et al., 2008. Science 322: 1211. 7.3B: © iStock.com/Georgii Dolgykh. 7.12: © Stephen A. Stricker, courtesy of Molecular Probes, Inc. 7.17: Courtesy of David Kirk. Page 147: © iStock.com/micro_photo. Page 149 Figure A: Courtesy of Janice Haney Carr/CDC. Page 149 Figure B: From Forst et al., 1989. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 86: 6052.

Chapter 8 Opener: © George H.H. Huey/Corbis. inset: © TH Foto/Alamy Stock Photo. 8.1: © Stephen Dalton/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 8.9: Data from PDB 148L. Kuroki et al., 1993. Science 262: 2030. 8.11A: Data from PDB 1AL6. B. Schwartz et al., 1997. 8.11B: Data from PDB 1BB6. V. B. Vollan et al., 1999. Acta Crystallogr. D. Biol. Crystallogr. 55: 60. 8.11C: Data from PDB 1AB9. N. H. Yennawar, H. P. Yennawar, & G. K. Farber, 1994. Biochemistry 33: 7326. 8.12: Data from PDB 1IG8 (P. R. Kuser et al., 2000. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 20814) and 1BDG (A. M. Mulichak et al., 1998 Nat. Struct. Biol. 5: 555). 8.15: Data from PDB 1PTH. P. J. Loll et al., 1995. Nat. Struct. Biol. 2: 637. 8.18B: © joloei/Shutterstock. Page 171: © B. Mete Uz/Alamy Stock Photo.

Chapter 9 Opener: © Don W. Fawcett/Science Source. inset: © Poulsons Photography/Shutterstock. 9.8: From Y. H. Ko et al., 2003. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 12305. Courtesy of P. Pedersen. 9.11A: © sportpoint/Shutterstock. 9.11B: © volkova natalia/Shutterstock. 9.14: © iStock.com/Ana Abejon.

Chapter 10 Opener: © Silken Photos/Alamy Stock Photo. 10.1: © Andrew Syred/SPL/Science Source. 10.10A: Courtesy of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. 10.14A, 10.16A: © E. H. Newcomb & S. E. Frederick/Biological Photo Service. 10.18: © Aflo Foto Agency/Alamy Stock Photo. Table 10.1 Rice: © iStock.com/detshana. Table 10.1 Maize: © iStock.com/Ginginna. Table 10.1 Cactus: © iStock.com/Dan Eckert.

Chapter 11 Opener: © Steve Gschmeissner/Science Source. 11.1A: © Dr. Stanley Flegler/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 11.1B: © Biodisc/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 11.1C: © Stefan Sollfors/Alamy Stock Photo. 11.2B: © John J. Cardamone Jr./Biological Photo Service. 11.7 Chromosome: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 11.7 Nucleus: © D. W. Fawcett/Science Source. 11.8: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 11.9: © Nasser Rusan. 11.10B: © Conly L. Rieder/Biological Photo Service. 11.12A: © Dr. David Phillips/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 11.12B: © B. A. Palevitz, E. H. Newcomb/Biological Photo Service. 11.13: © Egmont Strigl/Alamy Stock Photo. 11.14 left: © Andrew Syred/SPL/Science Source. 11.14 center: David McIntyre. 11.14 right: Courtesy of Andrew D. Sinauer. 11.15: © C. A. Hasenkampf/Biological Photo Service. 11.16: Courtesy of J. Kezer. 11.20: Courtesy of Dr. Thomas Ried and Dr. Evelin Schröck, NIH. 11.21A: © Dr. Gopal Murti/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 11.22: © Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc.

Chapter 12 Opener: © Picture Partners/Alamy Stock Photo. 12.8 Dark: © iStock.com/Marina Golskaya. 12.8 Chinchilla: © iStock.com/purelook. 12.8 Point: David McIntyre. 12.8 Albino: © ZTS/Shutterstock. 12.11: Courtesy of Madison, Hannah, and Walnut. 12.12: Courtesy of the Plant and Soil Sciences eLibrary (http://plantandsoil.unl.edu); used with permission from the Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of Nebraska. 12.13: © Mark Taylor/Naturepl.com. 12.14: © Peter Morenus/U. of Connecticut. 12.21A: © Dr. L. Caro/Science Source.

Chapter 13 Opener: © Biology Pics/Science Source. 13.3: © Lee D. Simon/Science Source. 13.5 Franklin: © Science Source. 13.6A: © A. Barrington Brown/Science Source. 13.6B: Data from S. Arnott & D. W. Hukins, 1972. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 47(6): 1504. 13.12A: Data from PDB 1SKW. Y. Li et al., 2001. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 11: 784. 13.17B: © Dr. Peter Lansdorp/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Page 287: From D. M. Prescott and P. L. Kuempel, 1972. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 69: 2842.

Chapter 14 Opener: Courtesy of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). 14.1B: Courtesy of Eric Kalkman, University of Glasgow. 14.3: Data from PDB 1MSW. Y. W. Yin & T. A. Steitz, 2002. Science 298: 1387. 14.6B: From D. C. Tiemeier et al., 1978. Cell 14: 237. 14.10: Data from PDB 1EHZ. H. Shi & P. B. Moore, 2000. RNA 6: 1091. 14.12: Data from PDB 1GIX and 1G1Y. M. M. Yusupov et al., 2001. Science 292: 883. 14.16B: Courtesy of J. E. Edström and EMBO J.

Chapter 15 Opener: © The Florida collection/Alamy Stock Photo. inset: © Armando Gallo/Corbis. 15.8: From C. Harrison et al., 1983. J. Med. Genet. 20: 280. 15.10B: © David M. Martin, M.D./SPL/Science Source. 15.12: © Philippe Plailly/Science Source. 15.13B: U.S. Army photo. 15.15: © Simon Fraser/Science Source. Page 314: © Stanley Flegler/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.

Chapter 16 Opener: © imageBROKER/Alamy Stock Photo. inset: © Oleksii Sergieiev/Alamy Stock Photo. 16.11B: © Lee D. Simon/Science Source. 16.16A: Courtesy of Irina Solovei, U. Munich (LMU), Germany. Page 352: © Dr. Donald Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.

Chapter 17 Opener: © Shotshop GmbH/Alamy Stock Photo. 17.10B: Courtesy of O. L. Miller, Jr. 17.16 left: © kostudio/Shutterstock. 17.16 right: © Bruce Stotesbury/PostMedia News/Zuma Press. Page 368: © Mediscan/Corbis. Page 369: © Sinclair Stammers/Science Source. Page 370 Drosophila: David McIntyre. Page 370 Arabidopsis: David McIntyre (from seed provided by Tobias Baskin).

Chapter 18 Opener: © Erik Isakson/Getty Images. 18.3: © Dr. Jack Bostrack/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 18.4: © iStock.com/Stephen Sewell. 18.11: Courtesy of the Golden Rice Humanitarian Board, www.goldenrice.org. 18.12: Courtesy of Eduardo Blumwald. 18.13: Courtesy of Tom Deerinck and Mark Ellisman of the National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research at the University of California at San Diego. Page 394: © Dr. George Chapman/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Page 398: From V. M. Gantz and E. Bier, 2015. Science 348: 442.

Chapter 19 Opener: © Dr. Yorgos Nikas/Science Source. inset: Courtesy of VetStem Biopharma, www.vetstem.com. 19.4 inset: From I. Wilmut et al., 1997. Nature 385: 810. 19.7A: From J. E. Sulston & H. R. Horvitz, 1977. Dev. Bio. 56: 100. 19.11A: David McIntyre. 19.12A: From A. Ephrussi and D. St. Johnston, 2004. Cell 116: 143. 19.12B: Courtesy of Ruth Lehmann. 19.12C left: From E. A. Wimmer, 2012. Science 287: 2476. 19.12C right: From D. Tautz, 1988. Nature 332: 284. 19.13B: Courtesy of C. Rushlow and M. Levine. 19.13C: Courtesy of T. Karr. 19.13D: Courtesy of S. Carroll and S. Paddock. 19.16: © blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo. 19.18: © Bone Clones, www.boneclones.com. 19.19: Courtesy of J. Hurle and E. Laufer. 19.20 Cladogram: After R. Galant & S. Carroll, 2002. Nature 415: 910. 19.20 Insect: © Stockbyte/PictureQuest. 19.20 Centipede: © Burke/Triolo/Brand X Pictures/PictureQuest. 19.21: Courtesy of Mike Shapiro and David Kingsley. Page 411, Page 412 top: From Meyerowitz 2002; courtesy of J. L. Riechmann. Page 412 bottom: Courtesy of D. Daily and W. Sullivan. Page 414: Courtesy of F. R. Turner, Indiana U. Page 416: © David Scharf/Science Source.

Chapter 20 Opener: © Fritz Pölking/Corbis. inset: © Michael Durham/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 20.1 H.M.S. Beagle: Painting by Ronald Dean, reproduced by permission of the artist and Richard Johnson, Esquire. 20.1 Darwin: © The Art Gallery Collection/Alamy Stock Photo. 20.5A: © Luis César Tejo/Shutterstock. 20.5B–D: David McIntyre. 20.8: © Richard Du Toit/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 20.14: Courtesy of David Hillis. 20.19A: © Norbert Probst/imagebroker/Corbis. 20.19B: © Oliver Lucanus/NiS/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 20.20A: Courtesy of Edmund D. Brodie, Jr. Page 447, Figure A: © Fred LaBounty/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 447, Figure B: © blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 447, Figure C: Courtesy of Yoel Stuart.

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Chapter 21 Opener: © Martin Harvey/Alamy Stock Photo. inset: Courtesy of Misha Matz. 21.6 Sea squirt larva: Courtesy of William Jeffery. 21.6 Sea squirt adult: © WaterFrame/Alamy Stock Photo. 21.6 Frog larva: David McIntyre. 21.6 Frog adult: © Mark Kostich/Shutterstock. 21.9: © Alexandra Basolo. 21.9 Priapella: Courtesy of Dbr/Wikipedia. 21.10 L. bicolor: Courtesy of Steve Matson. 21.10 L. liniflorus: Courtesy of Anthony Valois/National Park Service. 21.14A: © Mark Herreid/Shutterstock. 21.14B: Courtesy of Dr. Thomas Barnes/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 21.14C: Courtesy of Steve Hillebrand/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 21.15: Courtesy of Misha Matz.

Chapter 22 Opener: Photos by David McIntyre and Nantawat Chotsuwan/Shutterstock. 22.1A left: © Donald Enright/Alamy Stock Photo. 22.1A right: © James Hager/robertharding/Getty Images. 22.1B: © Papilio/Alamy Stock Photo. 22.2A: © Robert Hamilton/Alamy Stock Photo. 22.2B: © Jack Glisson/Alamy Stock Photo. 22.4: © Barry Mansell/Naturepl.com. 22.10: © Tim Gainey/Alamy Stock Photo. 22.12 G. olivacea: © Phil A. Dotson/Science Source. 22.12 G. carolinensis: © Lesley van Loo/NiS/Minden Pictures/Corbis. 22.13A: © Gustav Verderber/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 22.13B: © Nathan Derieg. 22.13C: David McIntyre. 22.13D: © Daniel L. Geiger/SNAP/Alamy Stock Photo. 22.14 left: © Buiten-Beeld/Alamy Stock Photo. 22.14 right: © Gerhard Schulz/AGE Fotostock. 22.16A: © Tim Laman/National Geographic Creative/Corbis. 22.16B: © W. Peckover/VIREO. 22.17 Madia: © Peter K. Ziminsky/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 22.17 Argyroxiphium: © Greg Vaughn/Alamy Stock Photo. 22.17 Wilkesia: © Photo Resource Hawaii/Alamy Stock Photo. 22.17 Dubautia: © Noble Proctor/The National Audubon Society Collection/Science Source. 22.18: Courtesy of William R. Rice. Page 479: Courtesy of Donald A. Levin.

Chapter 23 Opener: Courtesy of Dan Higgins and Douglas Jordan/CDC. inset: Courtesy of the Office of the Public Health Service Historian. 23.3 Rice: data from PDB 1CCR. H. Ochi et al., 1983. J. Mol. Biol. 166: 407. 23.3 Tuna: data from PDB 5CYT. T. Takano, 1984. 23.6A Langur: © blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo. 23.6A Longhorn: Courtesy of David Hillis.

Chapter 24 Opener: © Michael Matti/Alamy Stock Photo. Meganeura inset: © Graham Cripps/NHMPL. Modern dragonfly inset: © iStock.com/Natasha Litova. 24.3B: © Ric Ergenbright/Corbis. 24.5: Courtesy of Dave Harlow, U.S. Geological Survey. 24.6: © Martin Bond/SPL/Science Source. 24.7: David McIntyre. 24.9A: © Walter Geiersperger/Corbis. 24.9B: © Mint Images/Frans Lan/AGE Fotostock. 24.10A: Photo by C. A. Pfister, from J. T. Wootton and C. A. Pfister, 2013. Ecology 94: 2117. 24.11: © Nature Picture Library/Alamy Stock Photo. 24.13A: From S. Xiao et al., 1998. Nature 391: 553. © Macmillan Publishers Ltd. 24.13B: © Sinclair Stammers/Science Source. 24.13C top: Courtesy of Chip Clark, National Museum of Natural History. 24.13C bottom: © John Cancalosi/Alamy Stock Photo. 24.14 Cambrian: © John Sibbick/NHMPL. 24.14 Marella: Courtesy of the Amherst College Museum of Natural History, The Trustees of Amherst College. 24.14 Ottoia: © Alan Sirulnikoff/Science Source. 24.14 Anomalocaris: © Kevin Schafer/Alamy Stock Photo. 24.14 Devonian: © The Field Museum, #GEO86500_125d. Karen Carr, artist. 24.14 Archaeopteris: © John Cancalosi/Getty Images. 24.14 Eusthenopteron: © Gerald & Buff Corsi/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 24.14 Permian: © John Sibbick/The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London. 24.14 Estemmenosuchus: Courtesy of Gondwana Studios. 24.14 Equisetum: © John Cancalosi/Alamy Stock Photo. 24.14 Jurassic: © Sergey Krasovskiy/Stocktrek Images/Corbis. 24.14 Ginkgo: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 24.14 Europasaurus: © Holger Hollemann/dpa/Corbis. 24.14 Cretaceous: © Anness Publishing/NHMPL. 24.14 Chasmosaurus: © Oleksiy Maksymenko/Alamy Stock Photo. 24.14 Sapindopsis: © Barbara J. Miller/Biological Photo Service. 24.14 Tertiary: © Publiphoto/Science Source. 24.14 Coryphodon: © Gilbert S. Grant/Science Source. 24.14 Hyracotherium: Courtesy of the Amherst College Museum of Natural History, The Trustees of Amherst College. 24.15: Courtesy of Conrad C. Labandeira, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.

Chapter 25 Opener: “Milky seas” data prepared by Steven Miller of the Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, CA. Background data (Earth at Night image) courtesy Marc Imhoff (NASA/GSFC) and Christopher Elvidge (NOAA/NGDC); image by Craig Mayhew (NASA/GSFC) and Robert Simmon (NASA/GSFC). 25.2: Courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control. 25.3A: Courtesy of Rob Weyant/CDC. 25.3B, C: Courtesy of Janice Haney Carr/CDC. 25.5: © Dr. Kari Lounatmaa/Science Source. 25.6: © Eye of Science/Science Source. 25.7: © Don W. Fawcett/Science Source. 25.8: © David M. Phillips/Science Source. 25.9A: © Paul W. Johnson/Biological Photo Service. 25.9B: © Dr. Terry Beveridge/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 25.9C: © Don Johnston/All Canada Photos/Corbis. 25.10A: © J. A. Breznak & H. S. Pankratz/Biological Photo Service. 25.10B: © Paul W. Johnson/Biological Photo Service. 25.11: Courtesy of Randall C. Cutlip. 25.12: © CNRI/Science Source. 25.13: David McIntyre. 25.14A: From K. Kashefi & D. R. Lovley, 2003. Science 301: 934. Courtesy of Kazem Kashefi. 25.16: © Danita Delimont/Alamy Stock Photo. 25.17: © iStock.com/Nancy Nehring. 25.18B: © Science Photo Library RF. 25.20: © SPL/Science Source. 25.22A: © Chris Bjornberg/Science Source. 25.22B: © Dr. Linda M. Stannard, University of Cape Town/Science Source. 25.22C: © Dr. Hans Gelderblom/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 25.22D: © BSIP SA/Alamy Stock Photo. 25.22E: © Dr. Harold Fisher/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 25.22F: © Dr. Raoult/Science Source. 25.23: © Nigel Cattlin/Alamy Stock Photo. 25.25: Courtesy of Margaret McFall-Ngai.

Chapter 26 Opener: © Don Paulson/PureStock/AGE Fotostock. 26.4: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 26.5A: © SPL/Science Source. 26.5B: © Aaron Bell/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 26.5C: © Eye of Science/Science Source. 26.8: © James Solliday/Biological Photo Service. 26.9A: © Marevision/AGE Fotostock. 26.9B: © Carl W. May/Biological Photo Service. 26.10: David McIntyre. 26.11: © Robert Brons/Biological Photo Service. 26.12A: © Larry Jon Friesen. 26.12B: © Steve Gschmeissner/Science Source. 26.13A: Courtesy of Dr. Stan Erlandsen/CDC. 26.13B: © Eye of Science/Science Source. 26.15, 26.16: © Wim van Egmond/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 26.17A: © Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo. 26.17B: David McIntyre. 26.18: Courtesy of R. Blanton and M. Grimson. 26.20B: © London School of Hygiene/SPL/Science Source. 26.21: © Per-Andre Hoffmann/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 569: Courtesy of M.A. Coffroth and Cindy Lewis, University at Buffalo.

Chapter 27 Opener: © Spring Images/Alamy Stock Photo. inset: Courtesy of the U.S. Coast Guard. 27.2: © Dr. Peter Siver/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 27.3A: © Daniel Gotshall/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 27.3B: © Stephen Sharnoff/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 27.4A: © blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo. 27.4B: © Wolfgang Pölzer/Alamy Stock Photo. 27.5A: © Larry Mellichamp/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 27.5B: © Andre Seale/Alamy Stock Photo. 27.7 top: © Biodisc/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 27.7 bottom: © J. Robert Waaland/Biological Photo Service. 27.8A: David McIntyre. 27.8B: © Dr. Brad Mogen/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 27.8C: © Yon Marsh Natural History/Alamy Stock Photo. 27.9A: © 145/Images Etc Ltd/Ocean/Corbis. 27.9B: David McIntyre. 27.10A: © Dr. John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 27.10B: © kenneth edward lewis/Alamy Stock Photo. 27.11: © Daniel Vega/AGE Fotostock. 27.12: © Publiphoto/Science Source. 27.14A: © David Sieren/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 27.14B: © Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo. 27.14C: © Andreas Altenburger/Alamy Stock Photo. 27.14D: © tbkmedia.de/Alamy Stock Photo. 27.15 inset: © Chris Mattison/Alamy Stock Photo. 27.16: David McIntyre. 27.19: © Ashley Cooper/Alamy Stock Photo.

Chapter 28 Opener: © Zvonimir Atletić/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.1 Cycad: David McIntyre. 28.1 Ginkgo: © hypnotype/Shutterstock. 28.1 Conifer: © iStock.com/Irina Tischenko. 28.1 Magnolia: © Dole/Shutterstock. 28.3: © blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.4A: © Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Science Source. 28.6A: Courtesy of Andrew D. Sinauer. 28.6B: David McIntyre. 28.6C: © Juan Carlos Muñoz/AGE Fotostock. 28.6D: © Pepbaix/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.7A left: © Fritz Pölking/Blickwinkel/AGE Fotostock. 28.7A right: © Scenics & Science/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.7B left: © Gunter Marx/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.7B right: © Scenics & Science/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.9: © robert cicchetti/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.10A: © Colin Underhill/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.10B: © John N. A. Lott/Biological Photo Service. 28.10C: © Nigel Cattlin/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.11A: © imageBROKER/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.11B: David McIntyre. 28.15: © Bjorn Rorslett/Science Source. 28.15B: © Bjorn Rorslett/Science Source. 28.17A: © Design Pics Inc/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.17B: © Silvia Reiche/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 28.17C: © Brian Jackson/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.17D: © Leslie Othen/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.17E: © Andrey Khrobostov/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.17F: © Nikolay Dimitrov/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.19A: Photo by David McIntyre, courtesy of the U. Massachusetts Biology Department Greenhouses. 28.19B: © Tuul & Bruno Morandi/Corbis. 28.19C: © Rob & Ann Simpson/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 28.19D: © The National Trust Photolibrary/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.19E: © foto76/Shutterstock. 28.20A: © Craig Roberts/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.20B: © Prisma Bildagentur AG/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.20C: © Images & Stories/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.20D: © blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.21A: © John N. A. Lott/Biological Photo Service. 28.21B: © Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.21C: Courtesy of David Hillis. 28.21D: © A & J Visage/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.22: © Calvin Chan/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.23: © Xinhua/Alamy Stock Photo. 28.24: Courtesy of the Global Crop Diversity Trust. Page 596: © Kurt Stepnitz/Michigan State University. Page 612: From D. W. Schemske and H. D. Bradshaw, Jr. 1999. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96: 11910.

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Chapter 29 Opener: © Dr. Fred Hossler/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 29.2: © Eye of Science/Science Source. 29.3A: © Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Science Source. 29.4: © Nature Picture Library/Alamy Stock Photo. 29.5A: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 29.7: © N. Allin & G. L. Barron/Biological Photo Service. 29.8A: © Rafael Campillo/AGE Fotostock. 29.8B: © blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo. 29.10A: © R. L. Peterson/Biological Photo Service. 29.10B: © Carolina Biological Supply, Co/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 29.13: © Eye of Science/Science Source. 29.14: © John Taylor/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 29.15A: © J. Robert Waaland/Biological Photo Service. 29.15B Sporangium: © Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Science Source. 29.15B Zygosporangium: © Dr. Merton Brown/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 29.16: David McIntyre. 29.17A: © Dr. Cecil H. Fox/Science Source. 29.17B: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 29.18A: © Thomas Marent/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 29.18B: © blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo. 29.19: © Nature’s Geometry/Alamy Stock Photo. 29.20A: © RF Company/Alamy Stock Photo. 29.20B: © blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo. 29.21: Courtesy of David Hillis. 29.22: © Dr. Gary Gaugler/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 29.23: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. Page 631: © Stephen Sharnoff/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.

Chapter 30 Opener: © redbrickstock.com/Alamy Stock Photo. 30.3: From Alegado et al. 2012, eLife 1:e00013. 30.4: Courtesy of J. B. Morrill. 30.6A: © Ed Robinson/Getty Images. 30.6B: © Steve Gschmeissner/Science Source. 30.6C: © Christian Ricci/De Agostini/Getty Images. 30.7A: © Antonio Camacho/Getty Images. 30.7B: © iStock.com/John Bell. 30.7C: © Westend61/Getty Images. 30.8A: © hansgertbroeder/Getty Images. 30.8B: © Armin May forest/Getty Images. 30.9A: © Nature Photographers Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo. 30.9B: © USO/Getty Images. 30.10A: © Skip Moody/Getty Images. 30.10B: David McIntyre. 30.10C: David McIntyre. 30.12 inset: © Scott Camazine/Phototake. 30.13: © Borut Furlan/Getty Images. 30.14A: © Chris Mansfield/Getty Images. 30.14B: © Yva Momatiuk & John Eastcott/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 30.15A: © By Laura Zenker/SinglEye Photography/Getty Images. 30.15B: © F1online digitale Bildagentur GmbH/Alamy Stock Photo. 30.16B: © Larry Jon Friesen. 30.17A: © Alberto Carrera/AGE Fotostock. 30.17B: David McIntyre. 30.17C: © Robert Brons/Biological Photo Service. 30.18A: Courtesy of Wim van Egmond. 30.19: Adapted from F. M. Bayerand & H. B. Owre, 1968. The Free-Living Lower Invertebrates, Macmillan Publishing Co. 30.20A: © Nature Photographers Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo. 30.20B: © Scott Camazine/Alamy Stock Photo. 30.21A: © blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo. 30.21B: © Nature Picture Library/Alamy Stock Photo. 30.21C: © Larry Jon Friesen. 30.21D: © Larry Jon Friesen. 30.22A: © Borut Furlan/Getty Images. 30.22B: © David Doubilet/Getty Images. 30.23: Adapted from F. M. Bayerand & H. B. Owre, 1968. The Free-Living Lower Invertebrates, Macmillan Publishing Co. Page 657 Polyp: © Stefano Piraino/Barcroft Media/Getty Images. Page 657 Medusa: © Yiming Chen/Getty Images.

Chapter 31 Opener: © pixelprof/Getty Images. 31.2: © Gerd Guenther/Science Source. 31.3A: From D. C. García-Bellido & D. H. Collins, 2004. Nature 429: 40. Courtesy of Diego García-Bellido Capdevila. 31.3B: © Nature’s Images/Science Source. 31.5B: Courtesy of Zatelmar/Wikipedia, licensed with a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license. 31.6A: © Larry Jon Friesen. 31.7B: © Roland Birke/Getty Images. 31.7C: Courtesy of David Walter and Heather Proctor. 31.7D: © Michael Abbey/Science Source. 31.8B: © Larry Jon Friesen. 31.9: © David Wrobel/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 31.10A: © Lawrence Naylor/Science Source. 31.12A: © Reinhard Dirscher/Getty Images. 31.12B: Courtesy of Cindy Lee Van Dover. 31.12C: © blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo. 31.12D: © Larry Jon Friesen. 31.13B: © Larry Jon Friesen. 31.13C: © Dimitri Vervitsiotis/Getty Images. 31.13D: © Stephen Frink/Getty Images. 31.13E: © Jones/Shimlock-Secret Sea Visions/Getty Images. 31.14A: © Daniela Dirscherl/Getty Images. 31.14B: © Larry Jon Friesen. 31.14C: © WaterFrame/Alamy Stock Photo. 31.15A: Courtesy of Jen Grenier and Sean Carroll, U. Wisconsin. 31.15B: Courtesy of Graham Budd. 31.15C: Courtesy of Reinhardt Møbjerg Kristensen. 31.16B: © Science Source. Colorization by Mary Martin. 31.16C: © Steve Gschmeissner/Science Source. 31.17: © Pascal Goetgheluck/Science Source. 31.18A: © Eye of Science/Science Source. 31.18B: © Bazzano Photography/Alamy Stock Photo. 31.19: © Aneese/Getty Images. 31.20A: © cbimages/Alamy Stock Photo. 31.20B: © Vanessa Vick/Science Source. 31.21A: © Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 31.21B: © Oliver Gerhard/Alamy Stock Photo. 31.21C: © Nigel Cattlin/Alamy Stock Photo. 31.21D: © Graphic Science/Alamy Stock Photo. 31.22A: © Matthijs Kuijpers/Alamy Stock Photo. 31.22B: © Larry Jon Friesen. 31.23A: © Otto Plantema/Buiten-beeld/Getty Images. 31.23B: © Robert Pickett/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 31.23C: © Solvin Zankl/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 31.23D: © blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo. 31.23E: © Tom & Therisa Stack/Alamy Stock Photo. 31.25: © Scenics & Science/Alamy Stock Photo. 31.27A: © Danita Delimont/Getty Images. 31.27B: © Zoonar GmbH/Alamy Stock Photo. 31.27C: © Ingo Arndt/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 31.27D: © Larry Jon Friesen. 31.27D inset: © Larry Jon Friesen. 31.27E: © George Grall/Getty Images. 31.27F: © blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo. 31.27G: © Larry Jon Friesen. 31.27H: © Arco Images GmbH/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 678: © Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. Page 683: From S. J. Braddy, 2008. Biology Letters 4: 106.

Chapter 32 Opener: © Sylvain Cordier/Getty Images. 32.2: From S. Bengtson, 2000. Teasing fossils out of shales with cameras and computers. Palaeontologia Electronica 3(1). 32.3A: © Triarch/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 32.4: Courtesy of Samuel Chow (CybersamX)/Flickr. 32.5A: © Borut Furlan/Getty Images. 32.5B: © Paul Starosta/Getty Images. 32.5C: © Wolfgang Pölzer/Alamy Stock Photo. 32.5D: © Marevision/AGE Fotostock. 32.5E: © Paul Starosta/Getty Images. 32.6A: © C. R. Wyttenbach/Biological Photo Service. 32.7A: © Stan Elems/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 32.7B: David McIntyre. 32.8A: © Marevision/AGE Fotostock. 32.8B: © Richard Herrmann/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 32.11A: © Ken Lucas/Biological Photo Service. 32.11B left: © Frank Hecker/Alamy Stock Photo. 32.11B right: © Oxford Scientific/Getty Images. 32.12B: © Ethan Miller/Getty Images. 32.13A: © Wayne Lynch/AGE Fotostock. 32.13B: © Ed Robinson/Getty Images. 32.13C: © Tom McHugh/Science Source. 32.14A: © Danita Delimont/Getty Images. 32.14B, C: © Larry Jon Friesen. 32.14D: © Clive Bromhall/Getty Images. 32.15A: © Hoberman Collection/Getty Imgaes. 32.15B: © Tom McHugh/Science Source. 32.15C: © John Weinstein/Field Museum Library/Getty Images. 32.18A: © Michael & Patricia Fogden/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 32.18B: © Michael & Patricia Fogden/Minden Pictures. 32.18C: © Paul Starosta/Getty Images. 32.18D: Courtesy of David Hillis. 32.19: © Pr. M. Forest, CNRI/Science Source. 32.21A: © Bruce Coleman, Inc./Alamy Stock Photo. 32.21B: © Mark Bridger/Getty Images. 32.21C: © Paul Starosta/Getty Images. 32.21D: © Tui De Roy/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 32.22A: © Danita Delimont/Getty Images. 32.22B: © Kevin Schafer/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 32.23A: From X. Xu et al., 2003. Nature 421: 335. © Macmillan Publishers Ltd. 32.23B: © Tom & Therisa Stack/Painet, Inc. 32.24: © iStock.com/Melinda Fawver. 32.25A: © Larry Jon Friesen. 32.25B: © Lorraine Harris/Getty Images. 32.25C: © Alan Murphy/BIA/Getty Images. 32.25D: © Larry Jon Friesen. 32.26A: © Tier Und Naturfotografie J und C Sohns/Getty Images. 32.26B: © Dave Watts/Alamy Stock Photo. 32.27A: © Yva Momatiuk & John Eastcott/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 32.27B: © Mint Images/Frans Lanting/Getty Images. 32.27C: © Rick & Nora Bowers/Alamy Stock Photo. 32.29A: © Robert McGouey/Getty Images. 32.29B: © Michael Durham/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 32.29C: © Steve Allen/Getty Images. 32.29D: © Mike Hill/Alamy Stock Photo. 32.31: © Konrad Wothe/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 32.32A: © Sean Caffrey/Getty Images. 32.32B: © Millard H. Sharp/Science Source. 32.33A: © Michael K. Nichols/Getty Images. 32.33B: © Mint Images/Frans Lanting/Getty Images. 32.33C, D: © Anup Shah/Getty Images. 32.35A: © Cyril Ruoso/Minden Pictures. 32.35B: Courtesy of Andrew D. Sinauer. 32.35C: © Arco Images GmbH/Alamy Stock Photo. 32.35D: David McIntyre. Page 699 Snake: © FLPA/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 699 Lizard: © Saeed Khan/AFP/Getty Images. Page 714 top: © anharris/Getty Images. Page 714 bottom: © Rick & Nora Bowers/Alamy Stock Photo.

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Chapter 33 Opener: © MisoKnitl/Getty Images. inset: © Pius Utomi Ekpei/AFP/Getty Images. 33.7A: David McIntyre. 33.7B: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images. 33.7C: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 33.7D: David McIntyre. 33.8A: © John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 33.8B: © J. Robert Waaland/Biological Photo Service. 33.8C: © Herve Conge/ISM/Phototake. 33.9 upper: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images. 33.9 lower: © James Solliday/Biological Photo Service. 33.10B: © John N. A. Lott/Biological Photo Service. 33.11A: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images. 33.11B: © Dr. James W. Richardson/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 33.12: © John N.A. Lott/Biological Photo Service. 33.13A: © iStock.com/modesigns58. 33.13B: © zkruger/Getty Images. 33.13C: David McIntyre. 33.14A left: David McIntyre. 33.14A right: © Andrew Syred/Science Source. 33.14B left: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images. 33.14B right: © Steve Gschmeissner/Science Source. 33.15A: © Icon Digital Featurepix/Alamy Stock Photo. 33.15B: © Florapix/Alamy Stock Photo. 33.15C: © Robert & Jean Pollock/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 33.16B: © Mark Hamblin/Getty Images. 33.16C: © Brian Sullivan/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 33.16C inset: © Steve Gschmeissner/Getty Images. 33.18: © Biodisc/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 33.19: © Phil Gates/Biological Photo Service. Page 725 Papyrus: © DEA/G. Dagli Orti/Getty Images. Page 729: From K. Jørgensen et al. 2005. Plant Physiology 139: 363. Page 731 Cork: © DEA/C. Sappa/De Agostini/Getty Images.

Chapter 34 Opener: © Izzet Keribar/Getty Images. 34.3: © Nigel Cattlin/Alamy Stock Photo. 34.8A: © Susumu Nishinaga/Science Source. 34.9: © R. Kessel & G. Shih/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Page 742: From Karaba et al., 2007 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 15270. Page 746: © M. H. Zimmermann.

Chapter 35 Opener: © Russ Munn/AgStock Images/AGE Fotostock. 35.4: David McIntyre. 35.9A: © Maximilian Weinzierl/Alamy Stock Photo. 35.9B: © Reinhard Dirscherl/Getty Images. 35.10: David McIntyre.

Chapter 36 Opener: © Tim Gainey/Alamy Stock Photo. inset: © Micheline Pelletier/Sygma/Corbis. 36.2: From J. M. Alonso and J. R. Ecker, 2006. Nature Reviews Genetics 7: 524. 36.3A: Courtesy of J. A. D. Zeevaart, Michigan State U. 36.3B: From W. M. Gray, 2004. PLoS Biol. 2(9): e311. 36.4: © Sylvan Wittwer/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 36.8: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images. 36.12A: David McIntyre. Page 766: © Gerald & Buff Corsi/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Page 771 Seedlings: © Cathlyn Melloan/Getty Images. Page 777 Corn stunt: Clemson University–USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, Bugwood.org. Page 777 Cytokinin: David McIntyre. Page 778 Tomatoes: Courtesy of Adel A. Kader. Page 778 Seedling: © Nigel Cattlin/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 779: Courtesy of Eugenia Russinova, VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Belgium.

Chapter 37 Opener: © Geoffrey Robinson/Alamy Stock Photo. inset: © alisbalb/Getty Images. 37.1A: © Darlyne A. Murawski/Getty Images. 37.1B left: © Tish1/Shutterstock. 37.1B right: © Pierre BRYE/Alamy Stock Photo. 37.1C: © Bill Beatty/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 37.3: © Christian Gautier/Biosphoto. 37.6B: © ZAKmac/Getty Images. 37.6C: © Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images. 37.6D: © Scenics & Science/Alamy Stock Photo. 37.12: Courtesy of Richard Amasino and Colleen Bizzell. 37.14A: © oztasbc/Getty Images. 37.14B: © Nadalinna/Getty Images. 37.14C: © someone25/Getty Images. 37.15: David McIntyre. Page 791 Thistle: © John N. A. Lott/Biological Photo Service. Page 791 Burrs: © Scott Camazine/Science Source.

Chapter 38 Opener: © underworld111/Getty Images. inset: © Nigel Cattlin/Alamy Stock Photo. 38.4A: © Arco Images GmbH/Alamy Stock Photo. 38.4B: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images. 38.6A: Courtesy of Thomas Eisner, Cornell U. 38.6B: © Portali/Gamma-Rapho/Getty Images. 38.7: © Danita Delimont/Getty Images. 38.8: © Dr. Jack Bostrack/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 38.9: © TH Foto/Alamy Stock Photo. 38.10: © Anke Van wyk/Getty Images. 38.11A, B: © John N. A. Lott/Biological Photo Service. 38.13: Courtesy of Scott Bauer/USDA. 38.14: © Jurgen Freund/Naturepl.com. 38.15: © Camille Moirenc/hemis.fr/Getty Images. Page 808 top left: © Nigel Cattlin/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 808 top right: © Iain Sarjeant/Getty Images. Page 808 Goatgrass: Courtesy of Vojtech Holubec. Page 808 Bread wheat: © Werner Schories/EyeEm/Getty Images. Page 808 Wheat leaves: From P. Sambasivam et al. 2013. Science 341: 786. Page 809: From A. Saintenac et al. 2013. Science 341: 783. Page 810: David McIntyre.

Chapter 39 Opener: © Daily Mail/Rex/Alamy Stock Photo. 39.1: © www.depth.co.nz/Richard Robinson. 39.2 Stratified squamous: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images. 39.2 Columnar: © Carolina Biological Supply, Co/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 39.2 Cuboidal: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images. 39.2 Secretory: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 39.2 Cardiac: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images. 39.2 Skeletal: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images. 39.2 Smooth: © SPL/Science Source. 39.2 Bone: From Ross, Pawlina, and Barnash, 2009. Atlas of Descriptive Histology. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA. 39.2 Blood: © Dr. Thomas Deerinck/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 39.2 Fat: From Ross, Pawlina, and Barnash, 2009. Atlas of Descriptive Histology. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA. 39.2 Ligaments: © Biology Pics/Science Source. 39.2 Retina: © Dr. John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 39.2 Glia: © Ralph C. Eagle, Jr./Science Source. 39.2 Neurons: © James Cavallini/Science Source. 39.6: Courtesy of Jan M. Storey. 39.9: © iStock.com/Greg Epperson. 39.10: © Gerry Ellis/DigitalVision. 39.14A: © Craig K. Lorenz/Science Source. 39.14B: © Jim Brandenburg/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. Page 832: © Antonio Diaz/Getty Images.

Chapter 40 Opener: © Tierfotoagentur/Alamy Stock Photo. inset: © Christian Liepe/Corbis. 40.4 Fish: © Kevin Fleming/Corbis. 40.4 Amphibians: © Joe McDonald/Corbis. 40.4 Mammals: © Ale Ventura/PhotoAlto/Photolibrary.com. 40.4 Birds: © Roger Eritja/AGE Fotostock. 40.11: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 40.14: © Scott Camazine/Science Source.

Chapter 41 Opener: © Universal History Archive/UIG/Getty Images. 41.7: © Steve Gschmeissner/Science Source. Page 868 Crab: © Alex Kerstitch/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Page 868 Phagocytes: From P. Armstrong and M. Conrad, 2008. Journal of Visualized Experiments 20: e958. Page 868 Blood cell: From Iwanaga, 2002. Current Opinion in Immunology 14: 87. Page 872: © Science Photo Library/Science Source.

Chapter 42 Opener: © Tui De Roy/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. inset: © Danita Delimont/Getty Images. 42.1: © blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo. 42.2A: © Dr. Stanley Flegler/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 42.2B: © blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo. 42.3A: © Patricia J. Wynne. 42.6: © david gregs/Alamy Stock Photo. 42.7: © Jane Gould/Alamy Stock Photo. 42.8A: © Auscape/Getty Images. 42.8B: © Daniele Occhiato/Buiten-beeld/Getty Images. 42.10B: © Michael Webb/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 42.13A: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 42.15B: © BSIP/UIG/Getty Images. 42.16: Courtesy of The Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Science of Saint Barnabas, New Jersey.

Chapter 43 Opener: © Nerthuz/Getty Images. 43.1: Courtesy of Richard Elinson, U. Toronto. 43.3A left: From H. W. Beams and R. G. Kessel, 1976. American Scientist 64: 279. 43.3A center: © Dr. Lloyd M. Beidler/Science Source. 43.3A right: © Dr. Richard Kessel & Dr. Gene Shih/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 43.3B: From H. W. Beams and R. G. Kessel, 1976. American Scientist 64: 279. 43.3C: Courtesy of D. Daily and W. Sullivan. 43.4B left, center: © Dr. Yorgos Nikas/Science Source. 43.4B right: © Petit Format/Science Source. 43.4C: From J. G. Mulnard, 1967. Arch. Biol. (Liege) 78: 107. Courtesy of J. G. Mulnard. 43.12D: Courtesy of K. W. Tosney and G. Schoenwolf. 43.13B: Courtesy of K. W. Tosney. 43.17A: © CNRI/SPL/Science Source. 43.17B: © Steve Allen/Getty Images. 43.17C: © Tissuepix/SPL/Science Source. 43.17D: © Petit Format/Science Source.

Chapter 44 Opener: Courtesy of Philip Haydon. inset: © John Birdsall/AGE Fotostock. 44.3B: © C. Raines/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 44.5A: From A. L. Hodgkin & R. D. Keynes, 1956. J. Physiol. 148: 127.

Chapter 45 Opener: © John Cancalosi/Alamy Stock Photo. 45.4A: © DeAgostini/Getty Images. 45.4B: © Graphic Science/Alamy Stock Photo. 45.8 left: © Susumu Nishinaga/Science Source. 45.12A: © Susumu Nishinaga/Science Photo Library/Getty Images. 45.16: © Omikron/Science Source. Page 973 Planaria: © H. Bellmann/F. Hecker/AGE Fotostock.

Chapter 46 Opener: © Jason Hawkes/Getty Images. 46.6 left: Photo from “Brain: The World Inside Your Head,” © Evergreen Exhibitions. 46.11A: Courtesy of Compumedics. 46.13: From M.I. Posner and M.E. Raichle, 1994. Images of Mind. New York: W. H. Freeman. Page 985 Rat: Courtesy of Daoyun Ji and Matthew Wilson.

Chapter 47 Opener: © Michael Durham/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 47.1 Micrograph: © Frank A. Pepe/Biological Photo Service. 47.2: © James Dennis/Phototake. 47.4: © Kent Wood/Getty Images. 47.7: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images. 47.8A: © SPL/Science Source. 47.18: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images.

IC-6

Chapter 48 Opener: © Bruce Watkins/Animals Animals/AGE Fotostock. 48.1A: © Franco Banfi/Getty Images. 48.1B: © Danita Delimont/Getty Images. 48.1C: © Dirk Ercken/Alamy Stock Photo. 48.4B: © Leroy Simon/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 48.4C: Courtesy of Thomas Eisner, Cornell U. 48.5C: © Dr. Fred Hossler/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 48.10 Bronchi: © SPL/Science Source. 48.10 Alveoli: © Dr. David Phillips/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Page 1037: © Aurora Photos/Alamy Stock Photo.

Chapter 49 Opener: © Andrew Yates/AFP/Getty Images. 49.3: From B. K. McConnell et al. 1999. Journal of Clinical Investigation 104: 1235. 49.10A: © Phanie/Alamy Stock Photo. 49.11: After N. Campbell, 1990. Biology, 2nd Ed., Benjamin Cummings. 49.12: © Cultura RM Exclusive/Rolf Ritter/Getty Images. 49.14: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images. 49.17A: © Chuck Brown/Science Source. 49.17B: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. Page 1054: From J. H. Jiang, et al. 2013. Science 342: 111.

Chapter 50 Opener: © Yaacov Dagan/Alamy Stock Photo. 50.1: Courtesy of Andrew D. Sinauer. 50.3: © Jean-Claude Sauer/Paris Match/Getty Images. 50.8C Microvilli: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 50.19: © Science VU/Jackson/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.

Chapter 51 Opener: © Michael & Patricia Fogden/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 51.2B: © Don Paulson/Alamy Stock Photo. 51.8A: © CNRI/SPL/Science Source. 51.8B: © Susumu Nishinaga/Science Source. 51.8C: © Science Photo Library RF. 51.8D: © Dr. Donald Fawcett & D. Friend/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 51.12: © doc-stock/Alamy Stock Photo. 51.16: From L. Bankir & C. de Rouffignac, 1985. Am. J. Physiol. 249: R643-R666. Courtesy of Lise Bankir, INSERM Unit, Hôpital Necker, Paris.

Chapter 52 Opener: © David Shaw/Alamy Stock Photo. 52.2A: © FLPA/Alamy Stock Photo. 52.3B: © Maximilian Weinzierl/Alamy Stock Photo. 52.6A: © Nina Leen/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images. 52.6B: © Wolfgang Kaehler/LightRocket/Getty Images. 52.9A: © Pete Oxford/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 52.9B: © Don Johnston/Getty Images. 52.9C: © Bob Steele/BIA/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 52.10A: © Jeremy Woodhouse/Photolibrary.com. 52.10B: © Frank Lukasseck/Getty Images. 52.14B: © Frans Lanting/Mint Images/Getty Images. 52.17: © Tui De Roy/Minden Pictures. 52.20: © J. Jarvis/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 52.21: © Richard R. Hansen/Science Source.

Chapter 53 Opener: © Morley Read/Alamy Stock Photo. 53.1 Individual, Population: Courtesy of Sally Hacker. 53.1 Community: © Konrad Wothe/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 53.1 Landscape: © Jean Carter/AGE Fotostock. 53.1 Biosphere: NASA image by Reto Stöckli, based on data from NASA and NOAA. 53.15A: David McIntyre. 53.15B Puffin: © iStock.com/Jerome Whittingham. 53.15B Pelican: © Irina Tischenko/Shutterstock. 53.15B Penguin: © Jacqueline Abromeit/Shutterstock. Page 1154 Malaysia: © Michael Doolittle/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 1154 Bromeliads: © Morley Read/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 1154 Gorillas: © Thomas Marent/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. Page 1155 Sonoran: © Terry Donnelly/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 1155 Namibia: © Paula French/EyeEm/Getty Images. Page 1155 Tortoise: © ZSSD/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. Page 1156 Nebraska: © Tom Bean/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 1156 Horse: © legna69/Getty Images. Page 1156 Ferret: © John E Marriott/Getty Images. Page 1157 Japan: © Stuart Black/robertharding/Getty Images. Page 1157 Bear: © Jack Milchanowski/AGE Fotostock. Page 1157 Salamander: David McIntyre. Page 1158 Moose: © Shin Yoshino/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. Page 1158 Canada: © Mike Grandmaison/Getty Images. Page 1158 Owl: © Javier Fernández Sánchez/Getty Images. Page 1159 Alaska: © Michael DeYoung/Design Pics/Getty Images. Page 1159 Muskox: © Peter van der Veen/NIS/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. Page 1159 Fox: © David W. Hamilton/Getty Images.

Chapter 54 Opener: © Michael Warren/Getty Images. 54.1 inset: © Zoonar/P Himmelhuber/AGE Fotostock. 54.2 inset: © Nigel Cattlin/Alamy Stock Photo. 54.3A: © Morkel Erasmus/Getty Images. 54.3B: © David Doubilet/Getty Images. 54.3C: © Chris Lishman/Alamy Stock Photo. 54.3D: © Nature Picture Library/Alamy Stock Photo. 54.4 inset: © WaterFrame/Alamy Stock Photo. 54.11A: © Grant Dixon/Hedgehog House/Getty Images. 54.11B: © lupideloop/Getty Images. 54.12A: From A. E. Deacon et al., 2015. Ecology and Evolution 5: 5561. 54.12B: © Folio Images/Alamy Stock Photo. 54.15 Dandelion: © BillionPhotos.com/Fotolia. 54.15 Fly: © Sergii Figurnyi/Fotolia. 54.15 Rabbit: © sonsedskaya/Fotolia. 54.15 Tree: © Zerbor/Shutterstock. 54.15 Bluebird: © Steve Byland/Fotolia. 54.15 Bear: © Ilya Akinshin/Fotolia.

Chapter 55 Opener: © Georgette Douwma/Getty Images. 55.1B upper: Courtesy of Andrew D. Sinauer. 55.1B lower: © Michael Mauro/Minden Pictures. 55.3: © Chris Newbert/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 55.4A: © FLPA/Alamy Stock Photo. 55.4B: © Ernie Janes/Alamy Stock Photo. 55.5A: © Juniors Bildarchiv GmbH/Alamy Stock Photo. 55.5B: © Martin Shields/Alamy Stock Photo. 55.5C: © Photoshot License Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo. 55.5D: © Thomas Marent/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 55.6A left: © Frederick R. McConnaughey/Science Source. 55.6A right: © WaterFrame/Alamy Stock Photo. 55.6B: Courtesy of Andrew Brower. 55.8A: Courtesy of Sally Hacker. 55.8B: © Natural Visions/Alamy Stock Photo. 55.10: Courtesy of Sally Hacker. 55.14: © robnroll/Getty Images. 55.15: © Piotr Naskrecki/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. Page 1193: From M. A. Albins and P. J. Lyons, 2012. Marine Ecology Progress Series 448: 1.

Chapter 56 Opener: © Images & Volcans/Science Source. 56.1A: © Sharon Wigg/Alamy Stock Photo. 56.1B: © tonda/Getty Images. 56.5: © Ryan McVay/Getty Images. 56.7A: © Paul Kay/Getty Images. 56.7B: © blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo. 56.9: © Donald M. Jones/Minden Pictures. 56.12: © Pete Ryan/National Geographic Stock. 56.13: © Christian Ziegler/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 56.14 top: © Konrad Wothe/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 56.14 middle: © Pete Mcbride/Getty Images. 56.14 bottom: Courtesy of J. Hughes/USDA Forest Service. 56.15: © Wildnerdpix/Shutterstock. 56.16 upper: From Crisafulli et al. 2005, courtesy of Charlie M. Crisafulli. 56.16 lower: © Wayne Lynch/All Canada Photos/Getty Images. Page 1220 Blowdown: Courtesy of Lyn Topinka/USGS. Page 1220 Tephra: Courtesy of Charlie M. Crisafulli. Page 1220 Pumice: Courtesy of Dan Miller/USGS. Page 1220 Reference: © Kevin Schafer/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 1226 Acropora: Courtesy of the NOAA Fisheries Service. Page 1226 Agaricia: © Danita Delimont/Getty Images. Page 1226 Porites: © Andre Seale/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 1226 Orbicella: Courtesy of NOAA.

Chapter 57 Opener: © Cameron Davidson/Getty Images. 57.3A: After Zhao et al. 2006. J. Geophys. Res.—Biogeosciences 111: G01002. 57.3B: Image by Robert Simmon, NASA GSFC Earth Observatory, based on data provided by Watson Gregg, NASA GSFC. 57.6A: © Chris Hildreth/Duke Photography. 57.7: Courtesy of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Experimental Lakes Area. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2007. 57.8: © Marvin Dembinsky Photo Associates/Alamy Stock Photo. 57.15: Courtesy of Emily Stone/NSF. 57.18 Drivers: © Kevin Schafer/Alamy Stock Photo. 57.18 Processes: © Jan Wlodarczyk/Alamy Stock Photo. 57.18 Goods: © National Geographic Creative/Alamy Stock Photo. 57.18 Values: © Ania Blazejewska/Getty Images.

Chapter 58 Opener: © Dr. Paul A. Zahl/Science Source. 58.1 Individual: © Michael & Patricia Fogden/Minden Pictures/Getty Images. 58.1 Population: © Paul Zahl/National Geographic/Getty Images. 58.1 Habitat: © RF Company/Alamy Stock Photo. 58.1 Aerial: Courtesy of NASA/GSFC/LaRC/JPL, MISR Team. 58.1 Earth: NASA image by Reto Stöckli, based on data from NASA and NOAA. 58.3A: © The Lighthouse/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 58.3B: © Aurora Photos/Alamy Stock Photo. 58.4 S. America: © Antonio Scorza/AFP/Getty Images. 58.4 Africa: © Rob Crandall/Alamy Stock Photo. 58.4 Asia: © Hoang Dinh Nam/AFP/Getty Images. 58.5A Eggs: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images. 58.5B Chick: © Rolf Nussbaumer Photography/Alamy Stock Photo. 58.6: Courtesy of NOAA PIFSC. 58.6 inset: © Jonathan Alcorn/Bloomberg/Getty Images. 58.7: © imageBROKER/Alamy Stock Photo. 58.7A: © Sputnik/Alamy Stock Photo. 58.9 Otter: © iStock.com/dstone6. 58.9 Dingo: © John Carnemolla/Shutterstock. 58.9 Wolf: © age fotostock/Alamy Stock Photo. 58.9 Puma: © iStock.com/John Pitcher. 58.9 Lion, Leopard: Courtesy of Andrew D. Sinauer. 58.10A top: Courtesy of Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut/Bugwood.org. 58.10A bottom: © Chris Luneski/Alamy Stock Photo. 58.10B top: David McIntyre. 58.10B bottom: © Jordana Meilleur/Alamy Stock Photo. 58.10C: Courtesy of Sally Hacker. 58.14: © Paul Zizka/Getty Images. 58.15B: Courtesy of Dennis J. Lingohr/American Prairie Reserve. 58.15C: © Brandon Smith/Alamy Stock Photo. 58.16A: Courtesy of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 58.16B: © kenowolfpack/Getty Images. 58.17: © The Africa Image Library/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 1268: © Max Allen/Alamy Stock Photo.