Chapter 1. tset

Short form of
title and page
number as
running head.

The Role of Spirituality and Religion in
Mental Health

It has been called "a vestige of the childhood of mankind," "the feeling of something true, total and absolute," "an otherworldly answer as regards the meaning of life" (Jones, 1991, p. 1; Amaro, 1998; Kristeva, 1987, p. 27).

Citation of
multiple
works from
references.

It has been compared to medicine, described as a psychological cure for mental illness, and also referred to as the cause of a dangerous fanaticism. With so many differing opinions on the impact of religion in people's lives, where would one begin a search for the truth? Who has the answer: Christians, humanists, objectivists, atheists, psychoanalysts, Buddhists, philosophers, cults? This was my dilemma at the advent of my research into how religion and spirituality affect the mental health of society as a whole.
In this paper, I explore the claims, widely accepted by professionals in the field of psychology, that religious and spiritual practices have a negative impact on mental health.

Acknowledg-
ment of
opposing
viewpoints.

In addition, though, I cannot help but reflect on how this exploration has changed my beliefs as well. Religion is such a personal experience that one cannot be dispassionate in reporting it. One can, however, subject the evidence provided by those who have studied the issue to critical scrutiny. Having done so, I find myself in disagreement with those who claim religious feelings are incompatible with sound mental health. There is a nearly limitless number of beliefs regarding spirituality. Some are organized and involve rituals like mass or worship. Many are centered around the existence of a higher being, while others focus on the self.

Thesis
explicitly
introduced.

I have attempted to uncover the perfect set of values that lead to a better lifestyle, but my research has pointed me in an entirely different direction, where no single belief seems to be adequate but where spiritual belief in general should be valued more highly that it is currently in mental health circles.

I grew up in a moderately devout Catholic family. Like many young people raised in a household where one religion is practiced by both parents, it never occurred to me to question those beliefs. I went through a spiritual cycle, which I believe much of Western society also experiences. I attended religious services because I had to. I possessed a blind, unquestioning acceptance of what I was being taught because the adults I trusted said it was so. Like many adolescents and young adults, though, I stopped going to church when I was old enough to decide because I thought I had better things to do. At this stage, we reach a point when we begin searching for a meaning to our existence. For some, this search is brought on by a major crisis or a feeling of emptiness in their daily lives, while for others it is simply a part of growing up. This is where we begin to make personal choices, but with the barrage of options, where do we turn?
Beginning with the holistic health movement in the eighties, there has been a mass shift from traditional religions to less structured spiritual practices such as meditation, yoga, the Cabala, and mysticism (Beyerman, 1989).

Author
and date
cited for
summary or
paraphrase.

They venture beyond the realm of conventional dogmatism and into the new wave of spirituality. Many of these practices are based on the notion that health of the mind and spirit equals health of the body. Associated with this movement is a proliferation of retreats offering a chance to get in touch with the beauty and silence of nature and seminars where we can take “a break from our everyday environment where our brains are bustling and our bodies are exhausting themselves” (“Psychological benefits,” 1999).

Anonymous
source
cited by title
and date.

A major concept of the spiritual new wave is that it focuses inward toward the individual psyche, rather than outward toward another being like a god. Practitioners do not deny the existence of this being, but they believe that to fully love another, we must first understand ourselves. Many find this a preferable alternative to religions where the individual is seen as a walking

dispenser of sin who is very fortunate to have a forgiving creator. It is also a relief from the scare tactics like damnation used by traditional religions to make people behave. Many, therefore, praise the potential psychological benefits of such spirituality.
While I believe strongly in the benefits of the new wave, I am not willing to do away with structured religion, for I find that it also has its benefits.

Clear
transition
refers to
previous
paragraph.

Without the existence of churches and temples, it would be harder to expose the public to values beneficial to mental stability. It is much more difficult to hand a child a copy of the Cabala and say “Read this, and then get back to me on it” than it is to bring a child to a service where the ideas are represented with concrete examples. My religious upbringing presented me with a set of useful morals and values, and it does the same for millions of others who are brought up in this manner. Many people, including some followers of the new wave, are bitter toward Christianity because of events in history like the Crusades, the Inquisition, the Salem witch trials, and countless other horrific acts supposedly committed in the name of God. But these events were based not on biblical teachings but on pure human greed and lust for power. We should not reject the benevolent possibilities of organized religion on the basis of historical atrocities any more than we should abandon public education because a few teachers are known to mistreat children.
Another factor contributing to the reluctance concerning religion is the existence of cults that seduce people into following their extreme teachings. The victims are often at vulnerable times in their lives, and the leaders are usually very charming, charismatic, and sometimes also psychotic or otherwise mentally unstable. Many argue that if we acknowledge these groups as dangerous cults, then we must do the same for traditional religions such as Christianity and Islam, which are likewise founded on the teachings of charismatic leaders. Again, though,

critics are too quick to conflate all religious and spiritual practice; we must distinguish between those who pray and attend services and those who commit group suicide because they think that aliens are coming to take over the world. Cults have provided many psychologists, who are eager to discount religion as a factor in improving mental health, with an easy target.

When the
author’s
name appears
in text, only
the date
is cited in
parentheses.

Ellis (1993), the founder of rational-emotive therapy, cites many extreme examples of religious commitment, such as cults and antiabortion killings, to show that commitment is hazardous to one’s sanity. Anomalies like these should not be used to speak of religion as a whole, though. Religion is clearly the least of these people’s mental problems.
Besides Ellis, there are many others in the field of psychology who do not recognize religion as a potential aid for improving the condition of the psyche. Actually, fewer than 45 percent of the members of the American Psychiatric Association even believe in God. The general American public has more than twice that percentage of religious devotees (Dein, 2010; Larson, 1998). Going back to the days of Freud, many psychologists have held atheist views. The father of psychoanalysis himself called religion a “universal obsessional neurosis.” Psychologists have long rejected research that demonstrates the benefits of spirituality by saying that this research is biased. They claim that such studies are out to prove that religion helps because the conductors are religious people who need to justify their beliefs.
While this may be true in some instances, there is also some quite empirical research available to support the claims of those who promote religion and spirituality. The Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion has conducted many studies examining the effects of religion on individuals and groups. In one example, the relationship between religious coping methods and positive recovery after major stressful events was observed. The results indicated not only that spirituality was not harmful to the mind but that “the positive religious coping

pattern was tied to benevolent outcomes, including fewer symptoms of psychological distress,

Bracketed word in
quotation not in
original source.

[and] reports of psychological and spiritual growth as a result of the stressor” (Pargament et al., 1998, p. 721).

Author, date, and
page number are
cited for a direct
quotation.

Clearly, the benefits of piety can, in fact, be examined empirically, and in some cases the results point to a positive correlation between religion and mental health.

But let us get away from statistics and studies. If religion is both useless and dangerous, as so many psychologists claim, we must ask why has it remained so vital a part of humanity for so long. Even if it can be reduced to a mere coping method that humans use to justify their existence and explain incomprehensible events, is it futile? I would suggest that this alone represents a clear benefit to society. Should religion, if it cannot be proven as “true,” be eliminated and life based on scientific fact alone? Surely many would find this a pointless existence. With all the conflicting knowledge I have gained about spirituality during my personal journey and my research, one idea is clear. It is not the depth of devotion, the time of life when one turns to religion, or even the particular combination of beliefs one chooses to adopt that will improve the quality of life.

Conclusion
restates and
strengthens
thesis.

There is no right or wrong answer when it comes to self-fulfillment. It is whatever works for the individual, even if that means holding no religious or spiritual beliefs at all. Clearly there are benefits to be gained, at least for some individuals. Verghese (2008) believes that mental health professionals need to begin acknowledging these constructive benefits in their daily practices. They need to learn how their patients experience religion, what religion means to them, and how religion has helped them in the past in order to maximize the value that spirituality and religion offer.

References
begin on a
new page.

References

Amaro, J. (1998). Psychology, psychoanalysis and religious faith. Nielsen’s psychology of religion pages. Retrieved from http://www.psywww.com/
psyrelig/amaro.html

An online
source.

Beyerman A. K. (1989). The holistic health movement. Tuscaloosa, AL: Alabama University Press.

A book.

Dein, S. (2010, January). Religion, spirituality, and mental health. Psychiatric Times, 20(1): 1-3. Retrieved from http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/
articles/religion-spirituality-and-mental-health

An article or a
chapter in a
book.

Ellis, A. (1993). Dogmatic devotion doesn’t help, it hurts. In B. Slife (Ed.), Taking sides: Clashing views on controversial psychological issues (pp. 297-301). New York, NY: Scribner.

Jones, J. W. (1991). Contemporary psychoanalysis and religion: Transference and transcendence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Kristeva, J. (1987). In the beginning was love: Psychoanalysis and faith. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Larson, D. (1998). Does religious commitment improve mental health? In B. Slife (Ed.), Taking sides: Clashing views on controversial psychological issues (pp. 292-296). New York, NY: Scribner.

An article in a
journal.

Pargament, K. I., Smith, B. W., Koening, H. G., & Perez, L. (1998). Patterns of positive and negative religious coping with major life stressors. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 710-724.

Anonymous
source alpha-
betized by title.

“Psychological benefits.” (1999). Walking the labyrinth. Retrieved April 3, 2000, from http://www.labyrinthway.com/html/benefits.html

Verghese, A. (2008). Spirituality and mental health. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 50(4): 233-237. Doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.44742