to distinguish the second phase of avant-
to understand late modernists’ radical experimentation with time, chance music, and new electronic media
to sample modernist styles in the 1950s and 1960s: Edgard Varèse, György Ligeti, and John Cage
to listen carefully to a minimalist classic by Steve Reich
to explore varieties of late modernism and postmodernism c. 2000: George Crumb, Tania León, and John Adams