FIGURE 20-8 Integrin adhesion receptor–mediated signaling pathways control diverse cell functions. Binding of integrins to their ligands induces conformational changes in their cytoplasmic domains, directly or indirectly altering their interactions with cytoplasmic proteins (outside-in signaling). These cytoplasmic proteins include adapter proteins (e.g., talins, kindlins, paxillin, vinculin) and signaling kinases [Src-family kinases, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), integrin-linked kinase (ILK)] that transmit signals via diverse signaling pathways, thereby influencing cell proliferation, cell survival, cytoskeletal organization, cell migration, and gene transcription. Components of several signaling pathways, some of which are associated directly with the plasma membrane, are shown in green boxes. Many of the components of the pathways shown here are shared with other cell-surface-activated signaling pathways (e.g., receptor tyrosine kinases shown on the right) and are discussed in Chapters 15 and 16. In turn, intracellular signaling pathways can, via adapter proteins, modify the ability of integrins to bind to their extracellular ligands (inside-out signaling). See W. Guo and F. G. Giancotti, 2004, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 5:816–826, and R. O. Hynes, 2002, Cell 110:673–687.