[Part (a) data courtesy of Seth Darst; see N. Korzheva et al., 2000,
Science 289:61
9–625. Part (b) data from P. Cramer et al., 2001, Science 292:1863, PDB ID 1i50. Part (c) data from K. J. Armache et al., 2003, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:6964, and D. A. Bushnell and R. D. Kornberg, 2003, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:6969.]