Overview of Host Defenses

Akira, S., K. Kiyoshi Takeda, and T. Kaisho. 2001. Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity. Nature Immunol. 2:675–680.

Heyman, B. 2000. Regulation of antibody responses via antibodies, complement, and Fc receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 18:709–737.

Lemaitre, B., and J. Hoffmann. 2007. The host defense of Drosophila melanogaster. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 25:697–743.

von Behring, E., and S. Kitasato. 1890. The mechanism of diphtheria immunity and tetanus immunity in animals. Reprinted in Mol. Immunol. 1991, 28(12):1317, 1319–1320.

Immunoglobulins: Structure and Function

Amzel, L. M., and R. J. Poljak. 1979. Three-dimensional structure of immunoglobulins. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 48:961–997.

Williams, A. F., and A. N. Barclay. 1988. The immunoglobulin superfamily—domains for cell-surface recognition. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 6:381–405.

Generation of Antibody Diversity and B-Cell Development

Hozumi, N., and S. Tonegawa. 1976. Evidence for somatic rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes coding for variable and constant regions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73:3628–3632.

Jung, D., et al. 2006. Mechanism and control of V(D)J recombination at the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 24:541–570.

Kitamura, D., et al. 1991. A B cell-deficient mouse by targeted disruption of the membrane exon of the immunoglobulin mu chain gene. Nature 350:423–426.

Kitamura, D., et al. 1992. A critical role of lambda 5 protein in B cell development. Cell 69:823–831.

Muramatsu, M., et al. 2000. Class switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme. Cell 102:553–563.

Schatz, D. G., M. A. Oettinger, and D. Baltimore. 1989. The V(D)J recombination activating gene, RAG-1. Cell 59:1035–1048.

The MHC and Antigen Presentation

Bjorkman, P. J., et al. 1987. Structure of the human class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-A2. Nature 329:506–512.

Brown, J. H., et al. 1993. Three-dimensional structure of the human class II histocompatibility antigen HLA-DR1. Nature 364:33–39.

Neefjes, J. J., et al. 1990. The biosynthetic pathway of MHC class II but not class I molecules intersects the endocytic route. Cell 61:171–183.

Peters, P. J., et al. 1991. Segregation of MHC class II molecules from MHC class I molecules in the Golgi complex for transport to lysosomal compartments. Nature 349:669–676.

Rock, K. L., et al. 1994. Inhibitors of the proteasome block the degradation of most cell proteins and the generation of peptides presented on MHC class I molecules. Cell 78:761–771.

Rudolph, M. G., R. L. Stanfield, and I. A. Wilson. 2006. How TCRs bind MHCs, peptides, and coreceptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 24:419–466.

Townsend, A. R., et al. 1984. Cytotoxic T cell recognition of the influenza nucleoprotein and hemagglutinin expressed in transfected mouse λ cells. Cell 39:13–25.

Zinkernagel, R. M., and P. C. Doherty. 1974. Restriction of in vitro T cell-mediated cytotoxicity in lymphocytic choriomeningitis within a syngeneic or semiallogeneic system. Nature 248:701–702.

T Cells, T-Cell Receptors, and T-Cell Development

Dembic, Z., et al. 1986. Transfer of specificity by murine alpha and beta T-cell receptor genes. Nature 320:232–238.

Kisielow, P., et al. 1988. Tolerance in T-cell-receptor transgenic mice involves deletion of nonmature CD4+8+ thymocytes. Nature 333:742–746.

Lenschow, D. J., T. L. Walunas, and J. A. Bluestone. 1996. CD28/B7 system of T cell costimulation. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14:233–258.

Miller, J. F. 1961. Immunological function of the thymus. Lancet 30(2):748–749.

Mombaerts, P., et al. 1992. RAG-1-deficient mice have no mature B and T lymphocytes. Cell 68:869–877.

Sharpe, A. H., and A. K. Abbas. 2006. T-cell costimulation: biology, therapeutic potential, and challenges. N. Engl. J. Med. 355:973–975.

Shinkai, Y., et al. 1993. Restoration of T cell development in RAG-2-deficient mice by functional TCR transgenes. Science 259:822–825.

Collaboration of Immune-System Cells in the Adaptive Response

Banchereau, J. 2002. The long arm of the immune system. Sci. Am. 287:52–59.

Chang, M.-H., et al., for The Taiwan Childhood Hepatoma Study Group. 1997. Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. N. Engl. J. Med. 336:1855–1859.

Cytokines Online Pathfinder Encyclopedia. http://www.copewithcytokines.de.

Gross, O., et al. 2011. The inflammasome: an integrated view. Immunol. Rev. 243:136–151.

Jego, G., et al. 2003. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells induce plasma cell differentiation through type I interferon and interleukin 6. Immunity 19:225–234.

Kang, J. Y., and J.-O. Lee. 2011. Structural biology of the Toll-like receptor family. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 80:917–941.

Koutsky, L. A., et al. 2002. A controlled trial of a human papillomavirus type 16 vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 347:1645–1651.

Plotkin, S. A., and W. A. Orenstein. 2003. Vaccines, 4th ed. Saunders.

Rajewsky, K., et al. 1969. The requirement of more than one antigenic determinant for immunogenicity. J. Exp. Med. 129:1131–1143.

Smith, Jane S. 1990. Patenting the Sun: Polio and the Salk Vaccine. Morrow.

Steinman, R. M., and Z. A. Cohn. 2007. Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. I. Morphology, quantitation, tissue distribution. J. Immunol. 178:5–25.

Steinman, R. M., and H. Hemmi. 2006. Dendritic cells: translating innate to adaptive immunity. Curr. Top. Microbiol. 311:17–58.

20 years of HIV science. 2003. Nat. Med. 9:803–843. A collection of opinion pieces on the prospects for an AIDS vaccine.