Extended References

Genetic Analysis of Mutations to Identify and Study Genes

Adams, A. E. M., D. Botstein, and D. B. Drubin. 1989. A yeast actin-binding protein is encoded by sac6, a gene found by suppression of an actin mutation. Science 243:231.

Griffiths, A. G. F., et al. 2000. An Introduction to Genetic Analysis, 7th ed. W. H. Freeman and Company.

Guarente, L. 1993. Synthetic enhancement in gene interaction: a genetic tool comes of age. Trends Genet. 9:362–366.

Hartwell, L. H. 1967. Macromolecular synthesis of temperature-sensitive mutants of yeast. J. Bacteriol. 93:1662.

Hartwell, L. H. 1974. Genetic control of the cell division cycle in yeast. Science 183:46.

Nüsslein-Volhard, C., and E. Wieschaus. 1980. Mutations affecting segment number and polarity in Drosophila. Nature 287:795–801.

Simon, M. A., et al. 1991. Ras1 and a putative guanine nucleotide exchange factor perform crucial steps in signaling by the sevenless protein tyrosine kinase. Cell 67:701–716.

Tong, A. H., et al. 2001. Systematic genetic analysis with ordered arrays of yeast deletion mutants. Science 294:2364–2368.

DNA Cloning and Characterization

Ausubel, F. M., et al. 2002. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. Wiley.

Gubler, U., and B. J. Hoffman. 1983. A simple and very efficient method for generating cDNA libraries. Gene 25:263–289.

Han, J. H., C. Stratowa, and W. J. Rutter. 1987. Isolation of full-length putative rat lysophospholipase cDNA using improved methods for mRNA isolation and cDNA cloning. Biochemistry 26:1617–1632.

Itakura, K., J. J. Rossi, and R. B. Wallace. 1984. Synthesis and use of synthetic oligonucleotides. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 53:323–356.

Maniatis, T., et al. 1978. The isolation of structural genes from libraries of eucaryotic DNA. Cell 15:687–701.

Nasmyth, K. A., and S. I. Reed. 1980. Isolation of genes by complementation in yeast: molecular cloning of a cell-cycle gene. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:2119–2123.

Nathans, D., and H. O. Smith. 1975. Restriction endonucleases in the analysis and restructuring of DNA molecules. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 44:273–293.

Roberts, R. J., T. VIncze, J. Posfai, and D. Macelis. 2015. REBASE—a database for DNA restriction and modification: enzymes, genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 43:D298-D299. Information on accessing a continuously updated database on restriction and modification enzymes at http://rebase.neb.com.

Using Cloned DNA Fragments to Study Gene Expression

Andrews, A. T. 1986. Electrophoresis, 2d ed. Oxford University Press.

Erlich, H., ed. 1992. PCR Technology: Principles and Applications for DNA Amplification. W. H. Freeman and Company.

Pellicer, A., et al. 1978. The transfer and stable integration of the HSV thymidine kinase gene into mouse cells. Cell 41:133–141.

Saiki, R. K., et al. 1988. Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science 239:487–491.

Sanger, F. 1981. Determination of nucleotide sequences in DNA. Science 214:1205–1210.

Souza, L. M., et al. 1986. Recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor: effects on normal and leukemic myeloid cells. Science 232:61–65.

Wahl, G. M., J. L. Meinkoth, and A. R. Kimmel. 1987. Northern and Southern blots. Method. Enzymol. 152:572–581.

Wallace, R. B., et al. 1981. The use of synthetic oligonucleotides as hybridization probes. II. Hybridization of oligonucleotides of mixed sequence to rabbit β-globin DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 9:879–887.

Locating and Identifying Human Disease Genes

Botstein, D., et al. 1980. Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Am. J. Genet. 32:314–331.

Donis-Keller, H., et al. 1987. A genetic linkage map of the human genome. Cell 51:319–337.

Hartwell, L., et al. 2006. Genetics: From Genes to Genomes. McGraw-Hill.

Hastbacka, T., et al. 1994. The diastrophic dysplasia gene encodes a novel sulfate transporter: positional cloning by fine-structure linkage disequilibrium mapping. Cell 78:1073.

Orita, M., et al. 1989. Rapid and sensitive detection of point mutations and DNA polymorphisms using the polymerase chain reaction. Genomics 5:874.

Tabor, H. K., N. J. Risch, and R. M. Myers. 2002. Opinion: candidate-gene approaches for studying complex genetic traits: practical considerations. Nat. Rev. Genet. 3:391–397.

Inactivating the Function of Specific Genes in Eukaryotes

Capecchi, M. R. 1989. Altering the genome by homologous recombination. Science 244:1288–1292.

Deshaies, R. J., et al. 1988. A subfamily of stress proteins facilitates translocation of secretory and mitochondrial precursor polypeptides. Nature 332:800–805.

Fire, A., et al. 1998. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 391:806–811.

Gu, H., et al. 1994. Deletion of a DNA polymerase beta gene segment in T cells using cell type-specific gene targeting. Science 265:103–106.

Jinek, M., et al. 2012. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science 337:816–821.

Zamore, P. D., et al. 2000. RNAi: double-stranded RNA directs the ATP-dependent cleavage of mRNA at 21 to 23 nucleotide intervals. Cell 101:25–33.

Zimmer, A. 1992. Manipulating the genome by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 15:115.