Chapter . Case Study: A Guide to Identifying Fake News

Introduction

Case Study: A Guide to Identifying Fake News

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Introduction

Fake news, which has dominated the real news headlines in recent years, is unfortunately about as old as the United States itself, which is where it got its start—not surprisingly, with politics.

The presidential election of 1800 pitted two bitter rivals against each other: incumbent president John Adams of the Federalist Party (whose members included George Washington and Alexander Hamilton) and his challenger, Vice President Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republican Party (whose members included James Madison and Aaron Burr).1

From Claypoole's Daily Advertiser, of July 3. A gentleman who left Fredericktown last Friday, informs, that an account had been received there of the death of Thomas Jefferson, Vice-President of the United States, at his seat near Charlotteville. This report was corroborated last evening by a gentleman directly from Baltimore, who says that the same account had been received there from Winchester, and that it was generally believed.

DISINFORMATION, CIRCA 1800 The Albany Gazette, a Federalist newspaper (the party opposing Thomas Jefferson, who was a leader of the Democratic-Republican Party), reprinted this phony account of the death of Jefferson on July 7, 1800. Actually alive and well, Jefferson ended up winning the election.

As we discussed in Chapter 8, many of America’s earliest newspapers were part of either the commercial press, which catered to the merchant class, or the partisan press, which fervidly argued for the platform of the political party that subsidized the paper. Predictably, it was the partisan press that resorted to fake news—intentional disinformation in this case, which is false or misleading information spread knowingly by people with malicious intent (see Chapter 2). As the presidential campaign of 1800 grew more heated, some Federalist newspapers, allied with Adams, began to publish stories that Jefferson had died.2 Eventually the truth came out in rival newspapers that he was alive and well—although it took time to spread the word, given the very slow pace of newspaper distribution by mail at the time—and Jefferson ultimately won the election.

Fast-forward to the 1830s, when another kind of fake news emerged. At that time, penny press papers (costing one cent) were a new form of journalism that targeted a mass readership, standing in contrast to the more expensive and narrowly focused six-cent partisan and commercial newspapers then in circulation.

The first notable penny press newspaper was the New York Sun , founded in 1833 by twenty-three-year-old printer Benjamin Day. Day’s attempts to reach mass working-class audiences included such innovations as publishing human-interest stories that highlighted crime and scandal, and hiring newsboys to hawk newspapers on the street by shouting out headlines. His paper became New York’s biggest, and he was soon contending with competing penny press start-ups intent on grabbing market share.

To help keep up with the demand for enticing news stories and outperform the competition, in 1835 Day hired writer Richard Adams Locke, who had arrived from England just a few years earlier. Locke had great success with his first story for the Sun, which focused on a long, lurid murder trial. Next, he wanted to write an even bigger story. Locke, who had a decent scientific acumen, was both fascinated and annoyed by some contemporary scientists who theorized that life and civilizations existed on the moon. He decided to satirize their way of thinking by writing a compelling account of life on the moon, concocting a made-up species of moon dwellers called “man-bats.”

Human-like creatures with bat-like wings frolicking in a scenic canyon with a winding river and various prehistoric looking animals.

LUNAR ANIMALS Within twenty-four hours of its first “man-bat” stories, the New York Sun began to sell thousands of copies of a lithograph titled Lunar Animals and Other Objects, Discovered by Sir John Herschel in His Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope and Copied from Sketches in the “Edinburgh Journal of Science.” Credit: Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, [LC-DIG-pga-02667]

Beginning on August 25, 1835, the Sun ran a series of six articles describing a lunar Eden, complete with oceans, mountains, waterfalls, and cities featuring columned temples and coliseums.3 Populating this lunar landscape were familiar and fantastic lunar beasts, including sheep, unicorns, beaver-like creatures on two legs, and four-legged giraffe-like creatures. The most sensational moon creatures, though, were the highest-order beings—flying families of Vespertilio-homo, Locke’s pseudo-scientific Latin name for man-bats. The Sun described them this way: “They averaged four feet in height, were covered, except on the face, with short and glossy copper-colored hair, and had wings composed of a thin membrane, without hair, lying snugly upon their backs, from the top of their shoulders to the calves of their legs.”4

Locke anonymously wrote the series but attributed the “Great Astronomical Discoveries” he described therein to a mix of real and fake elements. The discoveries were purportedly made by Sir John Herschel (a real astronomer of the time, whose father, also an astronomer, discovered Uranus) through his new hydro-oxygen telescope (which sounded somewhat believable but didn’t exist) at the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa (a real place, where Herschel did indeed have an observatory), as reported in a supplement to the Edinburgh Journal of Science (a real journal but one that had ceased publication in 1832).5

The Sun’s series, now known as “the Great Moon Hoax,” consumed New Yorkers, and news of it spread to the Midwest. But after the series ended and suspicions grew that the story was fake, it drew sharp criticism from James Gordon Bennett, editor of the competing New York Herald, who wrote, “When that paper in order to get money out of a credulous public, seriously persists in averting its truth, it becomes highly improper, wicked, and in fact a species of impudent swindling.”6

The Sun’s satire-turned-hoax emerged at a time when others were also playing on Americans’ hopes, dreams, and gullibility. In that same year of 1835, a young P. T. Barnum created an exhibition featuring Joice Heth, an approximately 80-year-old Black woman who Barnum claimed was the 161-year-old nurse of George Washington. Thus began a long career for Barnum in exhibiting human beings he referred to as “curiosities” and bringing his masterful (and sometimes demeaning) promotional skills to traveling circuses and sideshows. The events of the 1800 election and the 1835 Great Moon Hoax are some of the earliest examples of fake news in the United States and demonstrate a tendency on the part of the media, politicians, and other performers to deceive the public—a tendency that has not abated as the country has grown older.

Footnotes

The approval of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1804 enabled presidential and vice presidential candidates to run as a ticket, thus avoiding the awkward situation of Adams and Jefferson, who were elected president and vice president but were from opposing parties.
Nathan Connolly, Joanne Freeman, and Ed Ayers, “Fit to Print? A History of Fake News,” Backstory (podcast), August 31, 2018, https://backstoryradio.org/shows/fit-to-print.
David Uberti, “The Real History of Fake News,” Columbia Journalism Review, December 15, 2016, www.cjr.org/special_report/fake_news_history.php.
Museum of Hoaxes, “The Great Moon Hoax of 1835/Day Four: Friday, August 28, 1835,” https://hoaxes.org/text/display/the_great_moon_hoax_of_1835_text/P3.
Matthew Goodman, The Sun and the Moon: The Remarkable True Account of Hoaxers, Showmen, Dueling Journalists, and Lunar Man-Bats in Nineteenth-Century New York (New York: Basic Books, 2008).
James Gordon Bennett, quoted in Goodman, Sun and the Moon, 215.

Defining Fake News

There are a number of definitions for fake news. At its most basic, fake news is news that is fraudulent. But in our complicated political world, it is important to distinguish the two main ways in which the term “fake news” is used. In the first sense, the term can be used as “an accusatory speech act,” according to German philosophy professor Axel Gelfert. This is most commonly seen in cases where powerful politicians call something “fake news” with the hope of discrediting information with which they disagree. (See Chapter 14 for contemporary examples of fake news allegations in the United States and other countries.) In cases like these, the accusatory speech act is rarely followed by evidence showing that the information in question is actually fake.

The other way in which fake news is used is in reference to what Gelfert calls “a class of purportedly factual claims that are epistemically deficient.”7 In other words, it’s something that pretends to be news (like the man-bat) but doesn’t hold up to analysis. This is the type of fake news that we will primarily focus on here. Intent is important, and this flavor of fake news is purposely false (as opposed to news that is accidentally incorrect). Gelfert offers a useful definition: “Fake news is the deliberate presentation of (typically) false or misleading claims as news, where the claims are misleading by design.”8

Axel Gelfert, “Fake News: A Definition,” Informal Logic 38, no. 1 (2018): 93.
Gelfert, 108.

Types of Fake News

With technological advances today that go far beyond what existed at the time of the 1800 election and the 1835 Great Moon Hoax, fake news has grown in sophistication and speed.9 Today, it is a phenomenon that spans five general categories of activity (see the figure provided). The five types of fake news constitute a continuum, from more helpful to democracy (satire) to more harmful to democracy (information anarchy).

News in Brief: Biden Unveils $4 Trillion Bill For Dinosaur Statues, Giant Twine Balls To Restore Nation's Crumbling Highway Attractions

SATIRE Established in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1988 and now headquartered in Chicago, the Onion remains one of the country’s leading satirical sites, regularly parodying political figures and the mainstream news.

Satirists

Satire has been around for centuries, but more recent work includes Saturday Night Live, The Daily Show (which Comedy Central once promoted as “America’s Most Trusted Name in Fake News”), the Onion , Full Frontal with Samantha Bee, Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, and Seth Meyers’s “A Closer Look” segments on his Late Night program. Satire wears its “fake news” badge openly, using humor and detailed research to critique the news media and our political system. When done well, satire can be extremely effective as a critical voice, as Time magazine argued about Jon Stewart’s time hosting The Daily Show from 1999 to 2015:

So Stewart wasn’t an actual news anchor. What his show did with comedy was a kind of journalism nonetheless, using satire and some thorough research of source material to analyze the news. . . . Any honest media critic knew that Stewart was doing the job better than the rest of us.10

The notable twentieth-century literary critic Northrup Frye pointed out satire’s use of irony and sarcasm as a form of social criticism. He defined satire as “poetry assuming a special function of analysis, that is, of breaking up the lumber of stereotypes, fossilized beliefs, superstitious terrors, crank theories, pedantic dogmatisms, oppressive fashions, and all other things that impede the free movement of society.”11 He envisioned the satirist as a giant-killer of sorts, bravely speaking truth to power. Do you have a favorite satirist?

Hoaxes and Hucksters

P. T. Barnum is America’s most famous huckster—someone who aggressively promotes or sells products of questionable authenticity or value—and that spirit continues today with circus sideshows and Ripley’s Believe It or Not! Odditoriums. Charles Ponzi and his fraudulent financial Ponzi scheme, the forged but convincing Hitler Diaries, King Tut’s death curse for those who dare to disturb the ancient pharaoh’s tomb, the Bigfoot film clip, and the Loch Ness Monster all fit into this category, too. Hoaxes and hucksters are often harmless (there is entertainment pleasure in having one’s gullibility tested), but they can cause real harm, particularly with Ponzi scheme financial hoaxes or Internet phishing scams in which people are promised enormous amounts of money and end up losing everything. Can you come up with a recent example of a media hoax?

WorldNetDaily Exclusive: Sheriff's probe finds Obama birth certificate 'fake'. Years of forensics investigation confirmed 'birther' suspicions right all along. By Bob Unruh. Published December 15, 2016 at 6:09pm.

WND (WorldNetDaily)—a fringe ultra-conservative site established in Washington, D.C., in 1997—often publishes unsupported conspiracy theories, including the “birther” conspiracy against former president Barack Obama.

Opinion Entrepreneurs

Opinion entrepreneurs are media outlets—from websites and talk radio to newspapers and cable news—that seek to influence the news and public agenda, often with false or inaccurate stories.

Researchers Peter Dreier and Christopher R. Martin first wrote of this kind of fake news in 2010, identifying opinion entrepreneurs as “nonelite individuals, businesses, and quasi-political organizations who, often by virtue of a web page or blog, work outside the traditional definitions of those who influence the news and public agenda. . . . Their influence is magnified by the fact that they work collaboratively, as part of a network, echoing the same message.”12 Breitbart.com and the Gateway Pundit, for example, have become well-known opinion entrepreneur websites. 13

The most effective deployment of opinion entrepreneurs’ messages has been through the fringes of the conservative media, which began to develop in the United States in the 1970s (see Chapter 14).14 The structure of the conservative media mimics that of the mainstream media, but it functions in an entirely different way. Conservative media outlets have a clear political agenda to elect conservative candidates and support conservative issues, while the mainstream news media in the United States is generally moderate—more liberal or progressive in terms of certain social values and, because its owners are usually large media conglomerates, more conservative in regard to economic values. Mainstream media outlets aren’t value-free—being moderate is a political position as well—but they generally remain committed to the journalism of verification. Opinion entrepreneurs covet the attention of mainstream news outlets and seek to get their opinions accepted as legitimate.

The fake news of opinion entrepreneurs usually starts as a report by one outlet or pundit, which then expands into an increasingly bigger issue as more opinion entrepreneurs join in and amplify that particular interpretation of a story. The work of opinion entrepreneurs is aided by social media sites such as Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube, where both plausible falsehoods and factual stories and events circulate. One of the most infamous instances of opinion entrepreneurialism is the “birther” story, which questioned former president Barack Obama’s U.S. citizenship (and thus his qualifications to be president). It became a major news story only after the allegations of not-yet-president Donald Trump and several birther websites continued to gain steam by being shared and reshared on social media sites.15 What other stories can you think of that were fueled by opinion entrepreneurs?

Propagandists

Propagandists are official state actors who spread coordinated partisan messages meant to propagate a point of view. Today North Korea, China, and Russia are the most easily identifiable propagandists, each with a secure hold on major national media outlets (either by owning them outright or by influencing them through coercion) and a sophisticated system of news and media that supports the goals of the regime both within the country and outside its borders.

Russia, for example, uses the news agency Sputnik and television channel RT to communicate its propaganda, along with “covert channels . . . that are almost always untraceable,” the New York Times reported. The Times also noted:

The flow of misleading and inaccurate stories is so strong that both NATO and the European Union have established special offices to identify and refute disinformation, particularly claims emanating from Russia. The Kremlin’s clandestine methods have surfaced in the United States, too.16

A man pins a woman against a wall. She extends her right forearm against his chest, which he grabs with his left hand. She clutches the neckline of her dress with her left hand.

THE TERM "GASLIGHT" comes from British dramatist Patrick Hamilton’s 1938 play Gas Light and the 1944 American film adaptation Gaslight, directed by George Cukor and starring Ingrid Bergman and Charles Boyer. In the film, Boyer plays Gregory Anton, a scheming husband who tries to convince his young wife, Paula (Bergman), that she is going mad. For example, each night the gaslights in their home dim while Gregory secretly hunts in the sealed attic for jewels he wants to steal, but Gregory convinces Paula that the dimming of the gaslights is all in her imagination. Credit: FilmPublicityArchive/United Archives/Getty Images

Information Anarchists

Finally, fake news can be created via people we will call information anarchists. These are actors who want to stir the pot, make people angry with outrageous statements and allegations, and create doubt and mistrust (sometimes called gaslighting) in order to undermine the legitimacy of genuine news itself and create the perception that the truth might never be determined.

In recent presidential campaigns, Internet trolls—who often meet on Twitter, Reddit, or message boards like 4chan and 8kun—have taken delight in creating disruption.17 One of the strangest cases of the information-anarchy type of fake news was the lie spread on 4chan and subversive websites alleging that a Washington, D.C., neighborhood pizzeria “was the home base of a child abuse ring led by Hillary Clinton and her campaign chief, John D. Podesta.”18 The fake news story prompted one North Carolina man to arrive at the restaurant with an assault rifle and fire shots during his own “investigation” into the crime.19

The disproved QAnon conspiracy theory, which posits that there is a global child sex-trafficking ring run by politically elite Satanic baby-eating pedophiles, is also the work of information anarchists. (The “Pizzagate” conspiracy theory regarding Clinton and Podesta is an early version of the QAnon conspiracy theory.) QAnon first emerged in October 2017 on 8chan (now relaunched as 8kun), where a supposed political insider named Q posted cryptic messages revealing “secrets” about these political elites. QAnon’s persistent and vocal campaign labeling the mainstream media as “fake news” and “the enemy of the people”—because, according to the conspiracy theory, political elites run the media and are constantly trying to tear down Donald Trump, who is the only person who can stop them and their sex-trafficking ring—served to undermine faith in the press, and it became a vicious spiral that sucked in the theory’s mixed-up followers: When all the mainstream media messages were discredited, only the confusingly cryptic messages of Q were believed to have any legitimacy.

Sapna Maheshwari, “How Fake News Goes Viral: A Case Study,” New York Times, November 20, 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/business/media/how-fake-news-spreads.html.
James Poniewozik, “Jon Stewart, the Fake Newsman Who Made a Real Difference,” Time, August 4, 2015, https://time.com/3704321/jon-stewart-daily-show-fake-news.
Northrup Frye, “The Nature of Satire,” University of Toronto Quarterly 14, no. 1 (1944): 75–89.
Peter Dreier and Christopher R. Martin, “How ACORN Was Framed: Political Controversy and Media Agenda Setting,” Perspectives on Politics 8, no. 3 (2010): 763.
Daniel Dale, “Fact Check: How a Group of Right-Wingers Spread a Lie That Black Lives Matter Stormed Iowa’s Capitol,” CNN, April 14, 2021, www.cnn.com/2021/04/13/politics/fact-check-iowa-capitol-black-lives-matter-stormed-lie/index.html.
See Kathleen Hall Jamieson and Joseph N. Cappella, Echo Chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008); David Brock, The Republican Noise Machine (New York: Crown, 2004).
Vincent N. Pham, “Our Foreign President Barack Obama: The Racial Logics of Birther Discourses,” Journal of International and Intercultural Communication 8, no. 2 (2015): 86–107.
David Sanger and Nick Corasaninti, “D.N.C. Says Russian Hackers Penetrated Its Files, Including Dossier on Donald Trump,” New York Times, June 14, 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/06/15/us/politics/russian-hackers-dnc-trump.html. See also Mark Scott and Melissa Eddy, “Europe Combats a New Foe of Political Stability: Fake News,” New York Times, February 20, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/02/20/world/europe/europe-combats-a-new-foe-of-political-stability-fake-news.html.
See “The Revolution Starts at Noon,” This American Life (podcast), WBEZ, January 17, 2017, www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/608/the-revolution-starts-at-noon; Jesse Singal, “How Internet Trolls Won the 2016 Presidential Election,” New York, September 16, 2016, https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2016/09/how-internet-trolls-won-the-2016-presidential-election.html.
Cecelia Kang, “Fake News Onslaught Targets Pizzeria as Nest of Child-Trafficking,” New York Times, November 21, 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/technology/fact-check-this-pizzeria-is-not-a-child-trafficking-site.html.
Faiz Siddiqui and Susan Svrluga, “N.C. Man Told Police He Went to D.C. Pizzeria with Gun to Investigate Conspiracy Theory,” Washington Post, December 5, 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2016/12/04/d-c-police-respond-to-report-of-a-man-with-a-gun-at-comet-ping-pong-restaurant/?utm_term=.2c36431b4bc6

The Critical Process: Identifying Fake News

With so many forms of fake news in circulation, it might be helpful to be reminded of what genuine, authentic journalism does. In their classic The Elements of Journalism, Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel spell out several important factors of good journalism. (See Chapter 14 for more detail.) Perhaps the most important of these elements are the following: “Journalism’s first obligation is to truth; its first loyalty is to citizens; its essence is a discipline of verification; its practitioners must maintain an independence from those they cover; and it must serve as an independent monitor of power.”20

As Kovach and Rosenstiel also argue, safeguarding the enterprise of real journalism “is something for which both [citizens and journalists] bear some responsibility.”21 So, how do we, as critical consumers, decipher whether or not the news we’re reading is real or fake? And when fake news is in play, how do we determine how harmful a particular piece of fake news might be to democracy? As developed in Chapter 1, a media-literate perspective involves mastering five overlapping critical stages that build on one another:

Description: paying close attention, taking notes, and researching the subject under study
Analysis: discovering and focusing on significant patterns that emerge from the description stage
Interpretation: asking and answering “What does that mean?” and “So what?” questions about one’s findings
Evaluation: arriving at a judgment about whether something is good, bad, or mediocre, which involves subordinating one’s personal taste to the critical “bigger picture” resulting from the first three stages
Engagement: taking some action that connects our critical perspective with our role as citizens and watchdogs who question our media institutions, adding our voice to the process of shaping the cultural environment

In the activity that follows, you will have the opportunity to examine several news stories covering a recent major news event and evaluate the validity of those stories.

Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel, The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2007).
Kovach and Rosenstiel, 254.

Description

As a class, select a major news event to examine. It should be an event with plenty of media coverage from many different perspectives. Select five stories from a range of mainstream news organizations and lesser-known information sources, whether articles from websites or YouTube videos (instructors or students may gather materials). Read the articles and watch the videos to determine their themes and then use the text box below to answer the following questions.

Question

E8qNH3vRsRVg2pbRZ3HkOZUOwVzkLhoWWmet7yutkULlzAoz0+KZPye7IvkeeTmsxVRMjXDoRV2D3iOXIM9QHDtIs66ioojIkUdoooHShnpn0Mh4AvRh+BOwR2ACc8gR+dGr0p1D0gq60nbJtqKcJw9h1HGUeepAqRnFZhFpDJ7BA5EsKDrSMe3C5pCgklYNRq8mc6AI1J5gy7Lt

Your response has been provisionally accepted and will be graded by your instructor.

Answer

Analysis

To conduct an analysis of the materials you have gathered, you will fill out the questionnaire “Is it fake news?” for each of the five stories you’ve selected on the following five slides.22 You’ll have a chance to save or print these questionnaires at the end of the activity.

We would like to acknowledge the excellent work of several researchers and projects that have identified many criteria for identifying fake news and misinformation, including the Trust Project, “The 8 Trust Indicators,” https://thetrustproject.org/#indicators; Claire Wardle, “Fake News. It’s Complicated,” First Draft Footnotes, February 16, 2017, https://medium.com/1st-draft/fake-news-its-complicated-d0f773766c79; and the News Literacy Project, https://newslit.org.

Questionnaire 1

Questionnaire 1: Is it Fake News?

For the first story you have selected, use the following questions to analyze whether it might be fake news.

Question

uYP5XDvq/YUL0KyUhRuspCinT6zBSiOK

Your answer has been recorded.

first story

For each question below, choose Yes or No, and then submit your answers.

Question

Fake Presentation (Credibility of the News Organization)

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False or Misleading Claims (Validity of Claims)

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Misleading by Design (Ethics of Purpose)

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true

Your answers have been recorded.

answers

Questionnaire 2

Questionnaire 2: Is it Fake News?

For the second story you have selected, use the following questions to analyze whether it might be fake news.

Question

HKCUK8JmwA7LHeFOW0fZCAK/jOtGwOv/Rlpglg==

Your answer has been recorded.

second story

For each question below, choose Yes or No, and then submit your answers.

Question

Fake Presentation (Credibility of the News Organization)

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False or Misleading Claims (Validity of Claims)

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Misleading by Design (Ethics of Purpose)

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true

Your answers have been recorded.

answers

Questionnaire 3

Questionnaire 3: Is it Fake News?

For the third story you have selected, use the following questions to analyze whether it might be fake news.

Question

RuZKut32ZInWBxLJxELo8KeauBh72iA/

Your answer has been recorded.

third story

For each question below, choose Yes or No, and then submit your answers.

Question

Fake Presentation (Credibility of the News Organization)

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False or Misleading Claims (Validity of Claims)

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Misleading by Design (Ethics of Purpose)

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true

Your answers have been recorded.

answers

Questionnaire 4

Questionnaire 4: Is it Fake News?

For the fourth story you have selected, use the following questions to analyze whether it might be fake news.

Question

Iv5wWDLr3xdkhZ26v8GEPwCkdraGTvdwNWYVcw==

Your answer has been recorded.

fourth story

For each question below, choose Yes or No, and then submit your answers.

Question

Fake Presentation (Credibility of the News Organization)

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False or Misleading Claims (Validity of Claims)

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Misleading by Design (Ethics of Purpose)

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true

Your answers have been recorded.

answers

Questionnaire 5

Questionnaire 5: Is it Fake News?

For the fifth story you have selected, use the following questions to analyze whether it might be fake news.

Question

0/M4XfVkxq2mXWeBWo5ClmqKha5wadCt

Your answer has been recorded.

fifth story

For each question below, choose Yes or No, and then submit your answers.

Question

Fake Presentation (Credibility of the News Organization)

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False or Misleading Claims (Validity of Claims)

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Misleading by Design (Ethics of Purpose)

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true

Your answers have been recorded.

answers

Analysis Summary

Now that you have analyzed each of your five stories for fake news, use the text box below to answer the following questions.

Question

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Your response has been provisionally accepted and will be graded by your instructor.

answer

Interpretation

James O'Keefe: Our Video Is 'Hard Evidence' And 'Smoking Gun' Of Voter Fraud

SOURCES Does the story accept potentially untruthful or incorrect quotes or allegations from sources at face value and fail to question them? (Headline is from Breitbart, September 29, 2020.)

In stage three of the critical process, we try to determine the meanings of the patterns that became evident during the analysis stage. Remember the definition of fake news that we are working with: “the deliberate presentation of (typically) false or misleading claims as news, where the claims are misleading by design.”

Top General Says There's Little Evidence To Corroborate New York Times Report That Russia Placed Bounties On American Soldiers

REPORTING Does the story rely heavily on secondary sources—including social media posts and other published media reports—as its main form of reporting? (Headline is from the Daily Caller, September 16, 2020; story includes no original reporting.)

Sometimes legitimate news organizations can make mistakes or have substandard documentation about their company and reporting processes. But the more you select NO, the more concerned you should be that the story contains disinformation that could qualify as fake news. As your next step, consult multiple trusted news sources to find verified facts about the topic(s) discussed in the story. Do they match what you read about in the story itself?

Daily KOS: Rules of the road. Site Purpose: This is a site for Democrats.

PURPOSE Does the story consider a range of valid opinions rather than just one position? (Site disclosure is from the Daily Kos.)

In any stories that have major deficiencies, meaning they include a number of NO answers, determine the most common problems in terms of the following categories:

Fake Presentation (credibility of the news organization)
False or Misleading Claims (validity of claims)
Misleading by Design (ethics of purpose)

Joe Biden Has an Idea So Dumb That it Will Make Your Brain Melt. By Bonchie. October 6, 2020 at 9 AM ET.

AUTHORSHIP AND WORD CHOICE Does the story provide reporter bylines and bios? Does the story avoid personal attacks on certain people or sources? (Headline is from RedState, October 6, 2020.) Note that the identity of the author, referred to only as “Bonchie,” is unclear; clicking on the name brings up a photo of Jerry Seinfeld.

Use the text box below to answer the following questions.

Question

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Your response has been provisionally accepted and will be graded by your instructor.

answer

Evaluation

In the evaluation stage, you take all the work you did in the first three stages and make informed judgments.

Use the text box below to answer the following questions.

Question

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Your response has been provisionally accepted and will be graded by your instructor.

answer

Engagement

The fifth stage of the critical process encourages you to take action and use your voice for change. Using the knowledge you’ve gained during this activity, start identifying—perhaps as a class—the media outlets that support the best investigative journalism and news reporting. Combating harmful fake news begins with understanding the process of journalism, reading brilliant news stories (there are many talented journalists out there), and building a repertoire of trusted news sources.

With this knowledge comes even more engagement; for example, you could help combat harmful fake news by writing letters to the editor of fake news sites describing the research you have compiled against their argument. You could also write letters to the editor of legitimate news sources thanking them for telling the whole story. Or you could spread awareness on social media, encouraging others to think critically about the type of news they’re consuming. Reconsider the way you may have participated in sharing viral stories on social media in the past, and help steer others toward legitimate news.

Use the text box below to answer the following question.

Question

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Your response has been provisionally accepted and will be graded by your instructor.

answer

Conclusion

Thank you for completing this activity! You can print or save a summary of the responses you provided for “Is It Fake News?” using the Print Summary button below.