| ca. 1200 B.C.E. | 626–539 B.C.E. |
| – Bronze Age Collapse; end of the Hittite Empire | – Neo-Babylonian empire |
| ca. 1100 B.C.E. | ca. 600 B.C.E. |
| – Beginning of the Iron Age; Phoenicians begin to trade in the Mediterranean | – Ideas of Zoroaster gain prominence in Persia |
| ca. 1070–712 B.C. | 587 B.C.E. |
| – Third Intermediate Period in Egypt | – Kingdom of Judah destroyed by the Neo-Babylonians |
| ca. 965–925 B.C.E. | 587–538 B.C.E. |
| – Hebrew kingdom ruled by Solomon | – Babylonian Captivity of the Hebrews |
| 911–609 B.C.E. | 550 B.C.E. |
| – Neo-Assyrian Empire | – Cyrus the Great conquers the Medes and consolidates the Persian Empire |
| 727 B.C.E. | 539 B.C.E. |
| – Kushite Dynasty established in Egypt | – Persians defeat the Neo-Babylonians |
| 722 B.C.E. | 525 B.C.E. |
| – Kingdom of Israel destroyed by the Assyrians | – Persians defeat the Egyptians and Nubians |