Despite growing suspicions on both sides, the Islamic world profoundly shaped Christian European culture in Spain and elsewhere. Toledo, for example, became an important center of learning through which Arab intellectual achievements entered and influenced western Europe. Arabic knowledge of science, medicine, and mathematics, derived from the Chinese, Greeks, and Hindus, was highly sophisticated, and Middle Eastern Arabs translated and codified the scientific and philosophical learning of Greek and Persian antiquity. In the ninth and tenth centuries, that knowledge was brought to Spain, where between 1150 and 1250 it was translated into Latin. Europeans’ knowledge of Aristotle (see "The Flowering of Philosophy" in Chapter 3), acquired through Muslim translations, changed the entire direction of European philosophy and theology.