Chapter 1

1-1 A Mesopotamian Creation Myth.” From Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 2nd edition, edited by James B. Pritchard. Copyright © 1955 by Princeton University Press. Reprinted with permission.

1-2 The Epic of Gilgamesh.” From The Epic of Gilgamesh, translated, with an Introduction and Notes, by Maureen Gallery Kovacs, pp. 4, 6, 51–56, 84–86, 106–107. Copyright © 1985, 1989 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Jr. University. Reprinted with permission of Stanford University Press. All Rights Reserved.

1-3 The Code of Hammurabi.” From Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd edition, edited by James B. Pritchard. Copyright © 1969 by Princeton University Press. Reprinted with permission.

1-4 The Egyptian Book of the Dead: The Declaration of Innocence.” From Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings, vol. 2; The New Kingdom, translated and edited by Miriam Lichtheim, pp. 124–126. Copyright © 1973 by University of California. Reprinted with permission.

1-5 Letters Between a Sumerian King and His Prime Minister.” From Ancient Near East: Historical Sources in Translation, edited by Mark W. Chavalas, pp. 77–78. Copyright © 2006 by John Wiley & Sons. Reprinted with permission.

1-7 Lamentation Over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur.” From Ancient Near East: Historical Sources in Translation, edited by Mark W. Chavalas, pp. 69–71. Copyright © 2006 by John Wiley & Sons. Reprinted with permission.

Chapter 2

2-3 Assyrian Kings Proclaim Their Greatness.” From Ancient Near East: Historical Sources in Translation, edited by Mark W. Chavalas, pp. 155–158. Copyright © 2006 by John Wiley & Sons. Reprinted with permission.

2-4 Cyrus of Persia, Ruling an Empire.” From Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd edition, edited by James B. Pritchard. Copyright © 1969 by Princeton University Press. Reprinted with permission.

Chapter 3

3-1 Homer, Odysseus and the Sirens.” From The Odyssey, by Homer, translated by Robert Fagles, pp. 276–279. Translation copyright © 1996 by Robert Fagles. Reprinted with permission of Viking Penguin, a division of Penguin Group (USA), Inc.

3-3Antigone, by Sophocles, edited by David Grene and Richard Lattimore, translated by Elizabeth Wyckoff, pp. 118, 123–124. Copyright © 1954 by University of Chicago Press. Reprinted with permission.

Chapter 4

4-2 Plutarch, Life of Cleomenes III.” From The Hellenistic World to the Roman Conquest: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation, by M. M. Austin, pp. 109–111. Copyright © 1981 by Cambridge University Press. Reprinted with the permission of Cambridge University Press.

4-6 Polybius, A Greek Historian Describes Byzantium’s Contribution to Regional Trade.” From The Hellenistic World to the Roman Conquest: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation, by M. M. Austin, pp. 169–170. Copyright © 1981 by Cambridge University Press. Reprinted with the permission of Cambridge University Press.

Chapter 5

5-2 The Trustees of the British Museum / Art Resource, N.Y.

5-3 S. P. Scott, The Civil Law, vol. 1, edited by S. P. Scott. The Central Trust Company, 1932.

5-4 Seneca, The Sounds of a Roman Bath.” From Roman Civilization: Selected Readings, vol. 2, edited by Naphtali Lewis and Meyer Reinhold, p. 228. Copyright © 1951 by Columbia University Press. Reprinted with permission of the publisher.

Chapter 6

6-1 Tacitus, Germania: Rome Encounters the Noble Savages.” From Agricola and Germany by Tacitus, translated by Anthony R. Birley, pp. 39–50. Copyright © 1999 by Oxford University Press. Reprinted with permission.

6-5 Alinari / Art Resource, N.Y.

Chapter 7

7-4 Brian Tierney. The Middle Ages, Vol. I: Sources of Medieval History, 3rd edition by Brian Tierney. Copyright © 1978 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Reprinted with the permission of McGraw-Hill.

Chapter 8

8-3 Brian Tierney. The Middle Ages, Vol. I: Sources of Medieval History, 3rd Edition by Brian Tierney. Copyright © 1978 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Reprinted with the permission of McGraw-Hill.

8-4 Brian Tierney. The Middle Ages, Vol. I: Sources of Medieval History, 3rd Edition by Brian Tierney. Copyright © 1978 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Reprinted with the permission of McGraw-Hill.

Chapter 9

9-4 Pope Gregory VII. From The Correspondence of Pope Gregory VII, edited and translated by Ephraim Emerton (New York: Columbia University Press, 1932, rpt. 1969), pp. 86–89. Copyright © 1990 by Columbia University Press.

9-4 Henry IV. From Imperial Lives and Letters of the Eleventh Century, translated by Theodor E. Mommsen and Karl F. Morrison, edited by Robert L. Benson (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962; rpt. 2000), pp. 150–151. Copyright © 2006 by Columbia University Press. Reprinted with permission of the publisher.

9-6 Guibert of Nogent’s Version: From Edward Peters, ed., The First Crusade: The Chronicle of Fulcher and Other Source Materials, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), p. 103. Copyright © 1998 by University of Pennsylvania Press. Reprinted with permission. Anna Comnena’s Version: From August Charles Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eye-Witnesses and Participants (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1921), pp. 76–78.

9-7 Robert Chazan, European Jewry and the First Crusade, by Robert Chazan. Copyright © 1987 by University of California Press. Reprinted with permission.

Chapter 11

11-4 Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany / Jorg P. Anders /Art Resource, N.Y.

11-6 Craig Taylor, Joan of Arc: La Pucelle, translated and edited by Craig Taylor. Copyright © 2006 by Manchester University Press. Reprinted by permission.

Chapter 12

12-4 Desiderius Erasmus, The Education of a Christian Prince, by Desiderius Eramsmus, translated by Lester K. Born. Copyright © 1936 Columbia University Press. Reprinted with permission of the publisher.

12-6Susannah and the Elders, ca.1610 (oil on canvas), Gentileschi, Artemisia (1597–ca.1651) / Private Collection / The Bridgeman Art Library.

12-7Judith and Holofernes (panel), Gentileschi, Artemisia (1597–ca.1651) / Museo e Gallerie Nazionali di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy / The Bridgeman Art Library.

12-5 Christine de Pizan, The Book of the City of Ladies, by Christine de Pizan, translated by Earl Jeffrey Richards. Copyright © 1982 by Persea Books, Inc. Reprinted by permission of Persea Books, Inc. New York. All rights reserved.

Chapter 13

13-2 akg-images.

13-3 Jean Bodin, On the Demon-Mania of Witches, trans. Randy Scott, intro. Jonathan L. Pearl (Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 1995.) Reprinted by permission of Victoria University Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies.

13-4 Charles Williams, Confessions of the Chelmsford Witches.” From Witchcraft by Charles Williams. Copyright © 2005 by Watkins/Loomis Agency. Reprinted by permission of the estate of Charles Williams and the Watkins/Loomis Agency.

Chapter 14

14-1 Oliver Dunn and James E. Kelly, Jr., The Diario of Christopher Columbus’s First Voyage to America, 1492–1493, translated by Oliver Dunn and James E. Kelly, Jr. Copyright © 1989 by Oklahoma University Press. Reprinted with permission.

14-4 King Kzinga Mbemba Affonso of Congo, Letters on the Slave Trade.” From The African Past by Basil Davidson (Longmans, 1964), pp. 191–193. Reissued by Africa World Press 1990 as African Civilization Revisited: From Antiquity to Modern Times by Basil Davidson.