Identify and explain the significance of each item below.

Qur’an (p. 222)

Five Pillars of Islam (p. 224)

caliph (p. 225)

al-Andalus (p. 225)

infidel (p. 227)

civitas (p. 230)

comites (p. 230)

Treaty of Verdun (p. 241)

Kievan Rus (p. 245)

boyars (p. 246)

vassal (p. 247)

fief (p. 247)

feudalism (p. 247)

manorialism (p. 248)

serfs (p. 248)