| 1848 | |
| January | Uprising in Naples, Italy |
| February | Revolution in Paris; proclamation of provisional republic |
| March | Revolt in Austrian Empire; Hungarian autonomy movement; uprisings in German cities; insurrections in Lombardy-Venetia |
| May | Frankfurt parliament convenes to write a constitution for a united Germany |
| June | Republican army defeats “June Days” workers’ uprising in Paris; Austrian army crushes working-class revolt in Prague |
| August | Austrian army represses insurrection in northern Italian states |
| September–November | Counter-revolutionary forces push back reformers in Prussia and the German states |
| December | Franz Joseph crowned Austrian emperor; Louis Napoleon elected president in France |
| 1849 | |
| March | Frankfurt parliament completes draft constitution, elects Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia emperor of a Lesser Germany, which he rejects |
| June | Russian troops subdue Hungarian autonomy movement; Prussian troops dissolve the remnants of the Frankfurt parliament |