Introduction for Chapter 15

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15

Absolutism and Constitutionalism

ca. 1589–1725

The seventeenth century was a period of crisis and transformation in Europe. Agricultural and manufacturing slumps led to food shortages and shrinking population rates. Religious and dynastic conflicts led to almost constant war, visiting violence and destruction on ordinary people and reshaping European states. With Louis XIV of France taking the lead, armies grew larger than they had been since the time of the Roman Empire, resulting in new government bureaucracies and higher taxes. Yet even with these obstacles, European states succeeded in gathering more power, and by 1680 much of the unrest that originated with the Reformation was resolved.

These crises were not limited to western Europe. Central and eastern Europe experienced even more catastrophic dislocation, with German lands serving as the battleground of the Thirty Years’ War and borders constantly vulnerable to attack from the east. In Prussia and in Habsburg Austria absolutist states emerged in the aftermath of this conflict. Russia and the Ottoman Turks also experienced turmoil in the mid-seventeenth century, but maintained their distinctive styles of absolutist government. The Russian and Ottoman Empires seemed foreign and exotic to western Europeans, who saw them as far removed from their political, religious, and cultural values.

While absolutism emerged as the solution to crisis in many European states, a small minority adopted a different path, placing sovereignty in the hands of privileged groups rather than the Crown. Historians refer to states where executive power was limited by law as “constitutional.” The two most important seventeenth-century constitutionalist states were England and the Dutch Republic. Constitutionalism should not be confused with democracy. The elite rulers of England and the Dutch Republic pursued the same policies as absolute monarchs: increased taxation, government authority, and social control. Nonetheless, they served as influential models to onlookers across Europe as forms of government that checked the power of a single ruler.

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Life at the French Royal Court King Louis XIV receives foreign ambassadors to celebrate a peace treaty. The king grandly occupied the center of his court, which in turn served as the pinnacle for the French people and, at the height of his glory, for all of Europe.
(By Charles Le Brun [1619–1690], 1678/Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, Hungary/Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY)

CHAPTER PREVIEW

Seventeenth-Century Crisis and Rebuilding

What were the common crises and achievements of seventeenth-century European states?

Absolutism in France and Spain

What factors led to the rise of the French absolutist state under Louis XIV, and why did absolutist Spain experience decline in the same period?

Absolutism in Austria and Prussia

What were the social conditions of eastern Europe, and how did the rulers of Austria and Prussia transform their nations into powerful absolutist monarchies?

The Development of Russia and the Ottoman Empire

What were the distinctive features of Russian and Ottoman absolutism?

Constitutional Rule in England and the Dutch Republic

Why and how did the constitutional state triumph in the Dutch Republic and England?

Chronology

ca. 1500–1650 Consolidation of serfdom in eastern Europe
1533–1584 Reign of Ivan the Terrible in Russia
1589–1610 Reign of Henry IV in France
1598–1613 Time of Troubles in Russia
1620–1740 Growth of absolutism in Austria and Prussia
1642–1649 English civil war, which ends with execution of Charles I
1643–1715 Reign of Louis XIV in France
1653–1658 Military rule in England under Oliver Cromwell (the Protectorate)
1660 Restoration of English monarchy under Charles II
1665–1683 Jean-Baptiste Colbert applies mercantilism to France
1670 Charles II agrees to re-Catholicize England in secret agreement with Louis XIV
1670–1671 Cossack revolt led by Stenka Razin
ca.1680–1750 Construction of absolutist palaces
1682 Louis XIV moves court to Versailles
1682–1725 Reign of Peter the Great in Russia
1683–1718 Habsburgs push the Ottoman Turks from Hungary
1685 Edict of Nantes revoked in France
1688–1689 Glorious Revolution in England
1701–1713 War of the Spanish Succession