Answer the focus questions from each section of the chapter.
How did Napoleon III seek to reconcile popular and conservative forces in an authoritarian nation-state?
How did conflict and war lead to the construction of strong nation-states in Italy, Germany, and the United States?
What steps did Russia and the Ottoman Turks take toward modernization, and how successful were they?
What general domestic political trends emerged after 1871?
How did popular nationalism evolve in the last decades of the nineteenth century?
Why did the socialist movement grow, and how revolutionary was it?