| 1790s–1840s | Romantic movement in literature and the arts |
| 1809–1848 | Metternich serves as Austrian foreign minister |
| 1810 | Germaine de Staël publishes On Germany |
| 1814–1815 | Congress of Vienna |
| 1815 | Revision of Corn Laws in Great Britain; Holy Alliance formed |
| June 18, 1815 | Napoleon defeated at the Battle of Waterloo |
| 1819 | Karlsbad Decrees issued by German Confederation |
| 1820 | Congress of Troppau proclaims the principle of intervention to maintain autocratic regimes |
| 1821 | Austria crushes a liberal revolution in Naples and restores the Sicilian autocracy |
| 1823 | French armies restore the Spanish crown |
| 1830 | Greece wins independence from Ottomans |
| France invades Algeria |
| Charles X repudiates the Constitutional Charter; insurrection and collapse of the government follow |
| Louis Philippe succeeds to the throne and maintains a narrowly liberal regime |
| 1832 | Reform Bill in Britain |
| 1839 | Socialist Louis Blanc publishes The Organization of Work |
| 1840 | Anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon publishes What Is Property? |
| 1845–1851 | Great Famine in Ireland |
| 1847 | Ten Hours Act in Britain |
| 1848 | Revolutions in France, Austria, and Prussia; Marx and Engels publish The Communist Manifesto |