| ca. 1000 B.C.E. | Earliest settlements in the area that became the city of Rome |
| 753 B.C.E. | Traditional founding of the city of Rome |
| 509 B.C.E. | Traditional date of establishment of the Roman Republic |
| 451–449 B.C.E. | Laws of the Twelve Tables written and issued |
| 387 B.C.E. | Gauls sack Rome |
| 367 B.C.E. | Licinian-Sextian laws passed |
| ca. 265 B.C.E. | Romans control most of Italy |
| 264–201; 149–146 B.C.E. | Punic Wars |
| 133–121 B.C.E. | Reforms of the Gracchi |
| 107–31 B.C.E. | Turmoil in the late republic |
| 44 B.C.E. | Julius Caesar assassinated |
| 31 B.C.E. | Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium |
| 27 B.C.E. | Senate issues decrees giving Octavian great power |