“The Expulsion of the Jews from Russia” So reads this postcard, correctly suggesting that Russian government officials often encouraged the popular anti-Semitism that helped drive many Jews out of Russia in the late nineteenth century. The road signs indicate that these poor Jews are crossing into Germany, where they will find a grudging welcome and a meager meal at the Jolly Onion Inn. Other Jews from eastern Europe settled in France and Britain, thereby creating small but significant Jewish populations in both of these countries for the first time since they had expelled most of their Jews in the Middle Ages.

(Alliance Israélite Universelle, Paris, France/Archives Charmet/Bridgeman Images)