Ivory Chest of Pamplona, Spain The court of the Spanish Umayyads prized small, intricately carved ivory chests, often made in a royal workshop and used to store precious perfumes. This exquisite side panel depicts an eleventh-century caliph flanked by two attendants. An inscription on the front translates as “In the Name of God. Blessings from God, goodwill, and happiness.” (Museo Navarra, Pamplona, Spain/Institut Amatller d’Art Hispanic)