| 1299–1326 | Reign of Osman, founder of the Ottoman Dynasty |
| 1299–1922 | Ottoman Empire |
| 1336–1405 | Life of Timur |
| ca. mid-1400s | Coffeehouses become center of Islamic male social life |
| 1453 | Ottoman conquest of Constantinople |
| 1501–1524 | Reign of Safavid Shah Isma’il |
| 1501–1722 | Safavid Empire |
| 1520–1558 | Hürrem wields influence in the Ottoman Empire as Suleiman’s concubine and then wife |
| 1520–1566 | Reign of Ottoman sultan Suleiman I; period of artistic flowering in Ottoman Empire |
| 1521 | Piri Reis produces Book of the Sea, a navigational map book |
| 1526–1857 | Mughal Empire |
| 1556–1605 | Reign of Akbar in Mughal Empire |
| 1570 | Ottomans take control of Cyprus |
| 1571 | First major Ottoman defeat by Christians, at Lepanto |
| 1587–1629 | Reign of Shah Abbas; height of Safavid power; carpet weaving becomes major Persian industry |
| 1631–1648 | Construction of Taj Mahal under Shah Jahan in India |
| 1658–1707 | Reign of Aurangzeb; Mughal power begins to decline |
| 1763 | Treaty of Paris recognizes British control over much of India |