| ca. 1500–1650 | Consolidation of serfdom in eastern Europe |
| 1533–1584 | Reign of Ivan the Terrible in Russia |
| 1589–1610 | Reign of Henry IV in France |
| 1598–1613 | Time of Troubles in Russia |
| 1612–1697 | Caribbean islands colonized by France, England, and the Netherlands |
| ca. 1620–1740 | Growth of absolutism in Austria and Prussia |
| 1642–1649 | English Civil War, ending with the execution of Charles I |
| 1643–1715 | Reign of Louis XIV in France |
| 1651 | First of the Navigation Acts |
| 1653–1658 | Oliver Cromwell’s military rule in England (the Protectorate) |
| 1660 | Restoration of English monarchy under Charles II |
| 1665–1683 | Jean-Baptiste Colbert applies mercantilism to France |
| 1670–1671 | Cossack revolt led by Stenka Razin |
| 1682 | Louis XIV moves court to Versailles |
| 1682–1725 | Reign of Peter the Great in Russia |
| 1683–1718 | Habsburgs push the Ottoman Turks from Hungary |
| 1685 | Edict of Nantes revoked |
| 1688–1689 | Glorious Revolution in England |
| 1701–1713 | War of the Spanish Success |