FOR BEDFORD/ST. MARTIN’S

Director of Development for History: Jane Knetzger

Senior Developmental Editor: Sara Wise

Senior Production Editor:Christina M. Horn

Production Supervisor: Samuel Jones

Executive Marketing Manager: Sandra McGuire

Associate Editor: Robin Soule

Editorial Assistant: Arrin Kaplan

Production Assistant: Erica Zhang

Copy Editor: Jennifer Brett Greenstein

Indexer: Leoni Z. McVey

Cartography: Mapping Specialists, Ltd.

Page Layout: Boynton Hue Studio

Photo Researcher: Bruce Carson

Senior Art Director: Anna Palchik

Text Design: Marsha Cohen

Cover Design: Donna Lee Dennison

Cover Art:Portrait of an African Slave Woman, attributed to Annibale Carracci, ca. 1580. Courtesy Tomasso Brothers Fine Art, Leeds, England.

Composition: Jouve

Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley and Sons

Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009, 2007 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as may be expressly permitted by the applicable copyright statutes or in writing by the Publisher.

Manufactured in the United States of America.

9   8   7   6   5   4

f   e   d   c   b   a

For information, write: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 (617-399-4000)

ISBN 978-1-4576-5993-5 (Combined Edition)

ISBN 978-1-4576-8544-6 (Loose-leaf Edition)

ISBN 978-1-4576-5994-2 (Volume 1)

ISBN 978-1-4576-8547-7 (Loose-leaf Edition, Volume 1)

ISBN 978-1-4576-5995-9 (Volume 2)

ISBN 978-1-4576-8549-1 (Loose-leaf Edition, Volume 2)

ISBN 978-1-4576-8518-7 (Volume A)

ISBN 978-1-4576-8519-4 (Volume B)

ISBN 978-1-4576-8522-4 (Volume C)

Distributed outside North America by

PALGRAVE MACMILLAN

Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS

Companies and representatives throughout the world.

ISBN 978-1-137-47316-5 (Combined Edition)

ISBN 978-1-137-47317-2 (Volume 1)

ISBN 978-1-137-47321-9 (Volume 2)

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Acknowledgments and copyrights appear on the same page as the text and art selections they cover; these acknowledgments and copyrights constitute an extension of the copyright page. It is a violation of the law to reproduce these selections by any means whatsoever without the written permission of the copyright holder.