Review the Main Ideas
Answer the focus questions from each section of the chapter.
Question
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How did medieval rulers restore order and centralize political power?
Question
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How did the Christian Church enhance its power and create new institutions and religious practices?
Question
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What were the causes, course, and consequences of the Crusades?
Question
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How did the lives of common people, nobles, and townspeople differ, and what new commercial developments increased wealth?
Question
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What were the primary educational and cultural developments in medieval Europe?
Question
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Why have the later Middle Ages been seen as a time of calamity and crisis?