| 1805–1849 |
Muhammad Ali modernizes Egypt |
|
| 1808–1839 |
Mahmud II rules Ottoman state and enacts reforms |
| 1809 |
Uthman dan Fodio founds Sokoto caliphate |
| 1830 |
France begins conquest of Algeria |
| 1839–1876 |
Western-style reforms (Tanzimat) in Ottoman Empire |
| 1860s |
Transatlantic slave trade declines rapidly |
| 1869 |
Completion of Suez Canal |
| 1875 |
Ottoman state declares partial bankruptcy; European creditors take over |
| 1876 |
Europeans take financial control in Egypt |
| 1879–1882 |
Ahmed Arabi leads revolt against foreign control of Egypt |
| 1880 |
Western and central Sudan unite under Islam |
| 1880–1900 |
Most of Africa falls under European rule |
| 1880–1914 |
Height of new imperialism in Asia and Africa |
| 1884–1885 |
Berlin Conference |
| 1899 |
Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden”; Amin, The Liberation of Women |
| 1899–1902 |
South African War |
| 1902 |
Conrad, Heart of Darkness; Hobson, Imperialism |
| 1908 |
Young Turks seize power in Ottoman Empire |