Presenting a Horse to the EmperorThis detail from a 1757 hand scroll shows the Qianlong emperor, seated, receiving envoys from the Kazakhs. Note how the envoy, presenting a pure white horse, is kneeling to the ground performing the kowtow, which involved lowering his head to the ground as an act of reverence. The artist was Guiseppe Castiglione, an Italian who worked as a painter in Qianlong’s court. (by Father Guiseppe Castiglione [1688– s- N–