| 1299–1326 | 1521 |
| Reign of Osman, founder of the Ottoman Dynasty | Piri Reis produces Book of the Sea, a navigational map book |
| 1299–1922 | 1526–1857 |
| Ottoman Empire | Mughal Empire |
| 1336–1405 | 1556–1605 |
| Life of Timur | Reign of Akbar in Mughal Empire |
| ca. mid-1400s | 1570 |
| Coffeehouses become centers of Islamic male social life | Ottomans take control of Cyprus |
| 1453 | 1571 |
| Ottoman conquest of Constantinople | First major Ottoman defeat by Christians, at Lepanto |
| 1501–1524 | 1587–1629 |
| Reign of Safavid Shah Isma’il | Reign of Shah Abbas; height of Safavid power; carpet weaving becomes major Persian industry |
| 1501–1722 | 1631–1648 |
| Safavid Empire | Construction of Taj Mahal under Shah Jahan in India |
| 1520–1558 | 1658–1707 |
| Hürrem wields influence in the Ottoman Empire as Suleiman’s concubine and then wife | Reign of Aurangzeb; Mughal power begins to decline |
| 1520–1566 | 1763 |
| Reign of Ottoman sultan Suleiman I; period of artistic flowering in Ottoman Empire | Treaty of Paris recognizes British control over much of India |