MEDIA EFFECTS? In The Invasion from Mars: A Study in the Psychology of Panic, Hadley Cantril (1906–1969) argued against the hypodermic-needle model as an explanation for the panic that broke out after the War of the Worlds radio broadcast (see photo in Chapter 5, page 165). A lifelong social researcher, Cantril also did a lot of work in public opinion research, even working with the government during World War II.

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