3: Digital Gaming and the Media Playground

Introduction

The Development of Digital Gaming

Mechanical Gaming

The First Video Games

Arcades and Classic Games

Consoles and Advancing Graphics

Gaming on Home Computers

The Internet Transforms Gaming

MMORPGs, Virtual Worlds, and Social Gaming

Convergence: From Consoles to Mobile Gaming

The Media Playground

Video Game Genres

CASE STUDY: Thoughts on Video Game Narrative

Communities of Play: Inside the Game

Communities of Play: Outside the Game

Trends and Issues in Digital Gaming

Electronic Gaming and Media Culture

Electronic Gaming and Advertising

Addiction and Other Concerns

GLOBAL VILLAGE: South Korea's Gaming Obsession

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS: First-Person Shooter Games: Misogyny as Entertainment?

Regulating Gaming

The Future of Gaming and Interactive Environments

The Business of Digital Gaming

The Ownership and Organization of Digital Gaming

The Structure of Digital Game Publishing

Selling Digital Games

Alternative Voices

Digital Gaming, Free Speech, and Democracy

Chapter Review

4: Sound Recording and Popular Music

Introduction

The Development of Sound Recording

From Cylinders to Disks: Sound Recording Becomes a Mass Medium

From Phonographs to CDs: Analog Goes Digital

The Rock Relatioship Between Records and Radio

Convergence: Sound Recording in the Internet Age

U.S. Popular Music and the Formation of Rock

The Rise of Pop Music

Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay

Rock Muddies the Waters

Battles in Rock and Roll

A Changing Industry: Reformations in Popular Music

The British Are Coming!

Motor City Music: Detroit Gives America Soul

Folk and Psychedelic Music Reflect the Times

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS: Music Preferences across Generations

Punk, Grunge, and Alternative Respond to Mainstream Rock

Hip-Hop Redraws Musical Lines

The Reemergence of Pop

The Business of Sound Recording

Music Labels Influence the Industry

TRACKING TECHNOLOGY: The Song Machine: The Hitmakers behind Rihanna

Making, Selling, and Profiting from Music

CASE STUDY: In the Jungle, the Unjust Jungle, a Small Victory

Alternative Voices

Sound Recording, Free Expression, and Democracy

Chapter Review

5: Popular Radio and the Origins of Broadcasting

Introduction

Early Technology and the Development of Radio

Maxwell and Hertz Discover Radio Waves

Marconi and the Inventors of Wirless Telegraphy

Wireless Telephony: De Forest and Fessenden

Regulating a New Medium

The Evolution of Radio

The RCA Partnership Unravels

Sarnoff and NBC: Building the "Blue" and "Red" Networks

Government Security Ends RCA-NBC Monopoly

CBS and Paley: Challenging NBC

Bringing Order to Chaos with the Radio Act of 1927

The Golden Age of Radio

Radio Reinvents Itself

Transistors Make Radio Portable

The FM Revolution and Edwin Armstrong

The Rise of Format and Top 40 Radio

Resisting the Top 40

The Sounds of Commercial Radio

Format Specialization

CASE STUDY: Host: The Origins of Talk Radio

Nonprofit Radio and NPR

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS: Comparing Commercial and Noncommercial Radio

New Radio Technologies Offer More Stations

Radio and Convergence

GLOBAL VILLAGE: Radio Mogadishu

The Economics of Broadcast Radio

Local the National Advertising

Manipulating Playlists with Payola

Radio Ownership: From Diversity to Consolidation

Alternative Voices

Radio and the Democracy of the Airwaves

Chapter Review

6: Television and Cable: The Power of Visual Culture

Introduction

The Origins and Development of Television

Early Innovations in TV Technology

Electronic Technology: Zworykin and Farnsworth

Controlling Content—TV Grows Up

The Development of Cable

CATV—Community Antenna Television

The Wires and Satellites Behind Cable Television

Cable Threatens Broadcasting

Cable Services

CASE STUDY: ESPN: Sports and Stories

DBS: Cable without Wires

Technology and Convergence Change Viewing Habits

Home Video

The Third Screen: TV Converges with the Internet

Fourth Screens: Smartphones and Mobile Video

Major Programming Trends

TV Entertainment: Our Comic Culture

TV Entertainment: Our Dramatic Culture

Anthology Drama and the Miniseries

Episodic Series

TV Information: Our Daily News Culture

Reality TV and Other Enduring Trends

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS: TV and the State of Storytelling

Public Television Strugles to Find Its Place

Regulatory Challenges to Television and Cable

Government Regulations Temporarily Restrict Network Control

Balancing Cable's Growth against Broadcasters' Interest

Franchising Frenzy

The Telecommunications Act of 1996

The Economics and Ownership of Television and Cable

Production

Distribution

Syndication Keeps Shows Going and Going…

Measuring Television Viewing

TRACKING TECHNOLOGY: Don't Touch That Remote: TV Pilots Turn to Net, Not Networks

The Major Programming Corporations

Alternative Voices

Television, Cable, and Democracy

Chapter Review

7: Movies and the Impact of Images

Introduction

Early Technology and the Evolution of Movies

The Development of Film

The Introduction of Narratives

The Arrival of Nickelodeons

The Rise of the Hollywood Studio System

Production

Distribution

Exhibition

The Studio System's Golden Age

Hollywood Narrative and the Silent Era

The Introduction of Sound

The Development of the Hollywood Style

CASE STUDY: Breaking through Hollywood's Race Barrier

Outside the Hollywood System

CASE STUDY: Beyond Hollywood: Asian Cinema

The Transformation of the Studio System

The Hollywood Ten

The Paramount Decision

Moving to the Suburbs

Television Changes Hollywood

Hollywood Adapts to Home Entertainment

The Economics of the Movie Business

Production, Distribution, and Exhibition Today

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS: The Blockbuster Mentality

The Major Studio Players

Convergence: Movies Adjust to the Digital Turn

Alternative Voices

Popular Movies and Democracy

Chapter Review

8: Newspapers: The Rise and Decline of Modern Journalism

Introduction

The Evolution of American Newspapers

Colonial Newspapers and the Partisan Press

The Penny Press Era: Newspapers Become Mass Media

The Age of Yellow Journalism: Sensationalism and Investigation

Competing Models of Modern Print Journalism

"Objectivity" in Modern Journalism

Interpretive Journalism

Literary Forms of Journalism

Contemporary Journalism in the TV and Internet Age

The Business and Ownership of Newspapers

Consensus vs. Conflict: Newspapers Play Different Roles

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS: Covering Business and Economic News

Newspapers Target Specific Readers

Newspaper Operations

CASE STUDY: Alternative Journalism: Dorothy Day and I.F. Stone

Newspaper Ownership: Chains Lose Their Grip

Joint Operating Agreements Combat Declining Competition

Challenges Facing Newspapers Today

Readership Declines in the United States

Going Local: How Small and Campus Papers Retain Readers

Blogs Challenge Newspapers' Authority Online

GLOBAL VILLAGE: For U.S. Newspaper Industry, an Example in Germany?

Convergence: Newspapers Struggle to Move to Digital

New Models for Journalism

Alternative Voices

Newspapers and Democracy

Chapter Review

9: Magazines in the Age of Specialization

Introduction

The Early History of Magazines

The First Magazines

Magazines in Colonial America

U.S. Magazines in the Nineteenth Century

National, Women's, and Illustrated Magazines

The Development of Modern American Magazines

Social Reform and the Muckrakers

The Rise of General-Interest Magazines

The Fall of General-Interest Magazines

CASE STUDY: The Evolution of Photojournalism

Convergence: Magazines Confront the Digital Age

The Domination of Specialization

TRACKING TECHNOLOGY: The New "Touch" of Magazines

Men's and Women's Magazines

Sports, Entertainment, and Leisure Magazines

Magazines for the Ages

Elite Magazines

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS: Uncovering American Beauty

Minority-Targeted Magazines

Supermarket Tabloids

The Organization and Economics of Magazines

Magazine Departments and Duties

Major Magazine Chains

Alternative Voices

Magazines in a Democratic Society

Chapter Review

10: Books and the Power of Print

Introduction

The History of Books from Papyrus to Paperbacks

The Development of Manuscript Culture

The Innovations of Block Printing and Movable Type

The Gutenberg Revolution: The Invention of the Printing Press

The Birth of Publishing in the United States

Modern Publishing and the Book Industry

The Formation of Publishing Houses

Types of Books

CASE STUDY: Comic Books: Alternative Themes, but Superheroes Prevail

Trends and Issues in Book Publishing

Influences of Television and Film

Audio Books

Convergence: Books in the Digital Age

Preserving and Digitizing Books

Censorship and Banned Books

TRACKING TECHNOLOGY: Free Textbooks? Easier Said Than Done

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS: Banned Books and "Family Values"

The Organization and Ownership of the Book Industry

Ownership Patterns

The Structure of Book Publishing

Selling Books: Brick-and-Mortar Stores, Clubs, and Mail Order

Selling Books Online

Alternative Voices

Books and the Future of Democracy

Chapter Review

11: Advertising and Commercial Culture

Introduction

Early Developments in American Advertising

The First Advertising Agencies

Advertising in the 1800s

Promoting Social Change and Dictating Values

Early Ad Regulation

The Shape of U.S. Advertising Today

The Influence of Visual Design

Types of Advertising Agencies

The Structure of Ad Agencies

Trends in Online Advertising

Persuasive Techniques in Contemporary Advertising

Conventional Persuasive Strategies

The Association Principle

CASE STUDY: Idiots and Objects: Stereotyping in Advertising

Advertising as Myth and Story

Product Placement

EXAMINING ETHICS: Brand Integration, Everywhere

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS: The Branded You

Commercial Speech and Regulating Advertising

Critical Issues in Advertising

GLOBAL VILLAGE: Smoking Up the Global Market

Watching Over Advertising

Alternative Voices

Advertising, Politics, and Democracy

Advertising's Role in Politics

The Future of Advertising

Chapter Review

12: Public Relations and Framing the Message

Introduction

Early Developments in Public Relations

P.T. Barnum and Buffalo Bill

Big Business and Press Agents

The Birth of Modern Public Relations

The Practice of Public Relations

Approaches to Organized Public Relations

Performing Public Relations

CASE STUDY: Social Media Transform the Press Release

EXAMINING ETHICS What Does It Mean to Be Green?

Public Relations Adapts to the Internet Age

Public Relations during a Crisis

Tensions between Public Relations and the Press

Elements of Professional Friction

Shaping the Image of Public Relations

Alternative Voices

Public Relations and Democracy

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS: The Invisible Hand of PR

Chapter Review

13: Media Economics and the Global Marketplace

Introduction

Analyzing the Media Economy

The Structure of the Media Industry

The Performance of Media Organizations

The Transition to an Information Economy

Deregulation Trumps Regulation

Media Powerhouses: Consolidation, Partnerships, and Mergers

Business Tendencies in Media Industries

Economics, Hegemony, and Storytelling

Specialization, Global Markets, and Convergence

The Rise of Specialization and Synergy

Disney: A Postmodern Media Conglomerate

CASE STUDY: Minority and Female Media Ownership: Why does It Matter?

Global Audiences Expand Media Markets

The Internet and Convergence Change the Game

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS: Cultural Imperialism and Movies

Social Issues in Media Economics

The Limits of Antitrust Laws

CASE STUDY: From Fifty to a Few: The Most Dominant Media Corporations

The Fallout from a Free Market

Cultural Imperialism

The Media Marketplace and Democracy

The Effects of Media Consolidation on Democracy

The Media Reform Movement

Chapter Review

14: The Culture of Journalism: Values, Ethics, and Democracy

Introduction

Modern Journalism in the Information Age

What Is News?

Values in American Journalism

CASE STUDY: Bias in the News

Ethics and the News Media

Ethical Predicaments

Resolving Ethical Problems

Reporting Rituals and the Legacy of Print Journalism

Focusing on the Present

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS: Telling Stories and Covering Disasters

Relying on Experts

Balancing Story Conflict

Acting as Adversaries

Journalism in the Age of TV and the Internet

Differences between Print, TV, and Internet News

Pundits, "Talking Heads," and Politics

Convergence Enhances and Changes Journalism

The Power of Visual Language

Alternative Models: Public Journalism and "Fake" News

The Public Journalism Movement

GLOBAL VILLAGE: Al Jazeera Buys a U.S. Cable Channel

"Fake" News and Satiric Journalism

Democracy and Reimagining Journalism's Role

Social Responsibility

Deliberative Democracy

EXAMINING ETHICS: WikiLeaks, Secret Documents, and Good Journalism?

Chapter Review

15: Media Effects and Cultural Approaches to Research

Introduction

Early Media Research Methods

Propaganda Analysis

Public Opinion Research

Social Psychology Studies

Marketing Research

CASE STUDY: The Effects of TV in a Post-TV World

Research on Media Effects

Early Theories of Media Effects

Conducting Media Effects Research

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CULTURAL PROCESS: Wedding Media and the Meaning of the Perfect

Wedding Day

Contemporary Media Effects Theories

Evaluating Research on Media Effects

Cultural Approaches to Media Research

Early Developments in Cultural Studies Research

Conducting Cultural Studies Research

CASE STUDY: Labor Gets Framed

Cultural Studies' Theoretical Perspective

Evaluating Cultural Studies Research

Media Research and Democracy

Chapter Review

16: Legal Controls and Freedom of Expression

Introduction

The Origins of Free Expression and a Free Press

Models of Free Expression

The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution

Censorship as Prior Restraint

Unprotected Forms and Expression

MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS: Who Knows the First Amendment?

CASE STUDY: Is "Sexting" Pornography?

First Amendment vs. Sixth Amendment

Film and the First Amendment

Social and Political Pressures on the Movies

Self-Regulation in the Movie Industry

The MPAA Ratings System

Expression in the Media: Print, Broadcast, and Online

The FCC Regulates Broadcasting

Dirty Words, Indecent Speech, and Hefty Fines

Political Broadcasts and Equal Opportunity

The Demise of the Fairness Doctrine

Communication Policy and the Interent

EXAMINING ETHICS: A Generation of Copyright Criminals?

The First Amendment and Democracy

Chapter Review