1 Mass Communication: A Critical Approach

1. See “Media Fasting: On ‘Internet Addiction’ and the Changing Face of News,” You Just Get Me, April 29, 2010, http://blogs.psychsterdata.com/yjgm/2010/04/off-the-internet-for-24-hours-world-of-psychology.html.

2. James W. Carey, Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 203.

3. For a historical discussion of culture, see Lawrence Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988).

4. For overviews of this position, see Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business (New York: Penguin Books, 1985), 19; and Stuart Ewen, Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976).

5. See Carey, Communication as Culture.

6. Tasha N. Dubriwny, “Constructing Breast Cancer in the News: Betty Ford and the Evolution of the Breast Cancer Patient,” Journal of Communication Inquiry, 33(2), (2009): 104–125.

7. Charles K. Atkin, Sandi W. Smith, Courtnay McFeters, and Vanessa Ferguson, “A Comprehensive Analysis of Breast Cancer News Coverage in Leading Media Outlets Focusing on Environmental Risks and Prevention,” Health Communication 13 (January/February 2008): 3–19.

8. Brooks Barnes, “Lab Watches Web Surfers to See Which Ads Work,” New York Times, July 26, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/27/technology/27disney.html.

9. See Jon Katz, “Rock, Rap and Movies Bring You the News,” Rolling Stone, March 5, 1992, 33.

1. See “Disney Buys Pixar for $7.4 bn,” Rediff India Abroad, January 25, 2006, http://rediff.com/money/2006/jan/25disney.htm.

2. “Disney Now Largest Media Company,” Huffington Post, May 2, 2009, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/01/disney-now-the-largest-me_n_181670.html.

3. Walt Disney Company, “Company Overview,” accessed February 7, 2012, http://corporate.disney.go.com/corporate/overview.html.

1. Václav Havel, “A Time for Transcendence,” Utne Reader, January/February 1995, 53.

2 Books and the Power of Print

1. Jack Zipes, quoted in Henry Kisor, “Way Too Many Books . . . ,” Chicago Sun-Times, December 25, 2005, p. 9B.

2. See Elizabeth Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980).

3. For a comprehensive historical overview of the publishing industry and the rise of publishing houses, see John A. Tebbel, A History of Book Publishing in the United States, 4 vols. (New York: R. R. Bowker, 1972–81).

4. Bibb Porter, “In Publishing, Bigger Is Better,” New York Times, March 31, 1998, p. A27.

5. National Association of College Stores, “FAQ on College Textbooks,” May 2008, http://nacs.org/common/research/faq_textbooks.pdf.

6. Claire Cain Miller and Julie Bosman, “E-books Outsell Print Books at Amazon,” New York Times, May 19, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/technology/20amazon.html.

1. Rikki Novetsky, “E-book Revolution,” Eye, September 29, 2011, http://eye.columbiaspectator.com/?q=article/2011/09/29/e-book-revolution.

2. David Streitfeld, “Amazon Signs Up Authors, Writing Publishers Out of Deal,” New York Times, October 16, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/17/technology/amazon-rewrites-the-rules-of-book-publishing.html.

3. Kevin Bloom, “Analysis: If Amazon Ruled Book Publishing, Too…” Daily Maverick, October 19, 2011, http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-10-19-analysis-if-amazon-ruled-book-publishing-too.

4. Streitfeld, “Amazon Signs Up Authors.”

3 Newspapers: The Rise and Decline of Modern Journalism

1. See Brooke Kroeger, Nellie Bly: Daredevil, Reporter, Feminist (New York: Times Books/Random House, 1994).

2. “Newspaper Ad Revs Fall 7% in Q1,” News & Tech, June 3, 2011, http://www.newsandtech.com/news/article_85a668a2-8c6e-11e0-9f93-001cc4c002e0.html.

3. Michael Schudson, Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers (New York: Basic Books, 1978), 23.

4. See David T. Z. Mindich, “Edwin M. Stanton, the Inverted Pyramid, and Information Control,” Journalism Monographs 140 (August 1993).

5. Curtis D. MacDougall, The Press and Its Problems (Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown, 1964), 143, 189.

6. Walter Lippmann, Liberty and the News (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1920), 92.

7. Dianiela Gevson, “Spanish-Language Dailies Expand a Bitter Battle,” New York Sun, January 21, 2004, p. 2.

8. Project for Excellence in Journalism, The State of the News Media 2007, http://www.stateofthemedia.org/2007.

9. See Mark Fitzgerald, “ASNE Survey: Over Last Year, Dailies Shrank Their Newsrooms by the Biggest Margin in Three Decades,” Editor & Publisher, April 13, 2008, www.editorandpublisher.com.

10. “The New Face of Washington’s Press Corps,” Pew Research Center Publications, February 11, 2009, http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1115/washington-press-corps-study.

11. Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism, The State of the News Media 2011, http://www.stateofthemedia.org/2011/.

12. Seth Mnookin, “The Kingdom and the Paywall,” New York, July 24, 2011, http://nymag.com/news/media/new-york-times-2011-8/.

13. John Carroll, “News War, Part 3,” Frontline, PBS, February 27, 2007, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/newswar/etc/script3.html.

1. Alan Rusbridger, “How We Broke the Murdoch Scandal,” Newsweek, July 17, 2011, http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2011/07/17/how-the-guardian-broke-the-news-of-the-world-hacking-scandal.html.

1. “What Is Newser?” Newser, accessed December 2011, http://www.newser.com/what-is-newser.aspx.

2. Mark Cuban, “My Advice to Fox & MySpace on Selling Content—Yes You Can,” Blog Maverick, August 8, 2009, http://blogmaverick.com/2009/08/08/my-advice-to-fox-myspace-on-selling-content-yes-you-can/.

3. Michael Wolff, “Mark Cuban Is a Big Fat Idiot—News Will Stay Free,” Huffington Post, August 12, 2009, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-wolff/mark-cuban-is-a-big-fat-i_b_257483.html.

4. See “The New News,” James Cameron Memorial Lecture, September 22, 2010, http://image.guardian.co.uk/sysfiles/Media/documents/2010/09/23/DownieCameron.pdf; and Jack Shaffer, “Len Downie Calls Arianna Huffington a Parasite,” Slate, September 23, 2010, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/press_box/2010/09/len_downie_calls_arianna_huffington_a_parasite.html.

5. Arianna Huffington, “Leonard Downie’s Downer,” Guardian, September 23, 2009, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/sep/23/huffington-post-washington-post.

4 Magazines in the Age of Specialization

1. See Theodore Peterson, Magazines in the Twentieth Century (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964), 5.

2. Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism, “Magazines: By the Numbers,” State of the News Media 2011, http://stateofthemedia.org/2011/magazines-essay/data-page-4/.

3. See “Readex Research Survey Finds Professionals Not Replacing Print with Digital,” October 2011, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/readex-research-survey-finds-professionals-not-replacing-print-with-digital-2011-10-19.

4. See Gloria Steinem, “Sex, Lies and Advertising,” Ms., July–August 1990, 18–28.

1. Andrew Adam Newman, “3 Magazines Are Accused of Retouching Celebrity Photos to Excess,” New York Times, May 28, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/28/business/media/28fitness.html.

1. See “Newsweek and the Daily Beast Combine,” Daily Beast, November 12, 2010, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2010/11/12/newsweek-daily-beast-merge-announcement.html.

5 Sound Recording and Popular Music

1. Zacharly Lazar, “The 373-Hit Wonder,” New York Times, January 6, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/magazine/09GirlTalk-t.html.

2. Mark Coleman, Playback: From the Victrola to MP3 (Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press, 2003).

3. Mick Jagger, quoted in Jann S. Wenner, “Jagger Remembers,” Rolling Stone, December 14, 1995, 66.

4. See Mac Rebennack (Dr. John) with Jack Rummel, Under a Hoodoo Moon (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), 58.

5. Ken Tucker, quoted in Ed Ward, Geoffrey Stokes, and Ken Tucker, Rock of Ages: The Rolling Stone History of Rock & Roll (New York: Rolling Stone Press, 1986), 521.

6. See “The Nashville Sound Begins,” Living in Stereo, September 19, 2006, http://livinginstereo.com/?p=252.

7. See “What Is Countrypolitan Music?” http://www.countrypolitan.com/intro0101.php.

8. Ben Sisario, “Music Sales Fell in 2008, but Climbed on the Web,” New York Times, January 1, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/01/art/music/01indu.html.

9. RIAA, 2008 Year-End Shipment Statistics, http://76.74.24.142/1D212C0E-408B-F730-65A0-C0F5871C369D.pdf.

10. “It Isn’t Pretty: RIAA 2010 Sales Music Data,” April 29, 2011, http://www.hypebot.com/hypebot/2011/04/it-isnt-pretty-riaa-2010-music-sales-data-chart.html.

11. IFPI, IFPI Digital Music Report 2008, January 24, 2008, http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_resources/dmr2008.html.

12. Sisario, “Music Sales Fell in 2008.”

13. “It Isn’t Pretty.”

14. Steven Winodgrasky, “Artist Royalties from iTunes: New Media, Same Old Battle,” March 17, 2008, The Royalty Report, http://apo.org.au/node/17151.

1. “For Radiohead Fans, Does ‘Free’ + ‘Download’ = ‘Freeload’?” comScore, November 5, 2007, http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2007/11/Radiohead_Downloads.

2. See Sara Karubian, “360 Degree Deals: An Industry Reaction to the Devaluation of Recorded Music,” Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 18, no. 395 (2009): 395–462, http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~idjlaw/PDF/18-2/18-2%20Karubian.pdf.

3. Karubian, “360 Degree Deals.”

6 Popular Radio and the Origins of Broadcasting

1. Tom Lewis, Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 181.

2. Michael Pupin, “Objections Entered to Court’s Decision,” New York Times, June 10, 1934, p. E5.

3. For a full discussion of early broadcast history and the formation of RCA, see Eric Barnouw, Tube of Plenty (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982); Susan Douglas, Inventing American Broadcasting, 1899–1922 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987); and Christopher Sterling and John Kitross, Stay Tuned: A Concise History of American Broadcasting (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1990).

4. Michele Hilmes, Radio Voices: American Broadcasting, 1922–1952 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997).

5. “Amos ’n’ Andy Show,” Museum of Broadcast Communications, http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/A/htmlA/amosnandy/amosnandy.htm.

6. Radio Advertising Bureau, “Radio Marketing Guide,” http://www.rab.com/public/marketingGuide/marketingGuide.pdf.

7. Peter DiCola, “False Premises, False Promises: A Quantitative History of Ownership Consolidation in the Radio Industry,” Future of Music Coalition, December 2006, http://www.futureofmusic.org/research/radiostudy06.cfm.

8. “Statement of FCC Chairman William E. Kennard on Low Power FM Radio Initiative,” March 27, 2000, http://www.fcc.gov/Speeches/Kennard/Statements/2000/stwek024.html.

1. Jefferson Graham, “Pandora Sees a Huge Jump in Audience,” USA Today, January 17, 2012, http://www.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/talkingtech/story/2012-01-17/pandora-radio/52623102/1.

2. Alexandre Roche, “Listen to Music with Your Friends,” Facebook Blog, January 12, 2012, http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=10150457932027131.

7 Movies and the Impact of Images

1. Douglas Gomery, Shared Pleasures: A History of Movie Presentation in the United States (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992), 18.

2. Douglas Gomery, Movie History: A Survey (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1991), 167.

3. Based on MPAA reports over the past ten years.

4. Motion Picture Association of America, Theatrical Market Statistics 2011, http://www.mpaa.org/policy/industry.

5. Kinsey Lowe, “Cinema’s Digital Takeover: The Decline and Fall of Film as We Have Known it,” Deadline Hollywood, February 4, 2012, http://www.deadline.com.

1. Douglas Gomery, Shared Pleasures: A History of Movie Presentation in the United States (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992), 155–170.

1. “Comedy: Amos ’n’ Andy,” Radio Hall of Fame, accessed February 10, 2012, http://www.radiohof.org/comedy/amosnandy.html.

2. “NCM Fathom Entertainment Events,” National CineMedia, updated March 30, 2011, http://www.ncm.com/content/pdf/NCM_Fathom_Events_Chronology.pdf.

3. “Cinedigm’s Live 3-D Broadcast of BCS Championship Game Sees Huge Turnout,” Cinedigm Digital Cinema Corp., accessed October 6, 2012, http://investor.cinedigm.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=358745.

4. Richard Verrier, “Movie Theaters Turn to Live Event Screenings to fill Seats,” Los Angeles Times, April 20, 2010, http://articles.latimes.com/2010/apr/20/news/la-ct-theater20-20100420.

8 Television, Cable, and Specialization in Visual Culture

1. See Horace Newcomb, TV: The Most Popular Art (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1974), 31, 39.

2. See “Just the Facts: Consumer Choice Explodes, 1992–2012,” National Cable & Telecommunications Association, http://www.ncta.com/statistic/statistic/Consumer-Choice-Explodes.aspx.

3. United States v. Midwest Video Corp., 440 U.S. 689 (1979).

9 The Internet and New Technologies: The Media Converge

1. David Pogue, “The Year of the Cellphone,” New York Times, December 13, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/indexes/2007/12/13/technology/circuitsemail/index.html.

2. “John Seigenthaler Sr. Wikipedia Biography Controversy,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, accessed March 3, 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Seigenthaler_Sr._Wikipedia_biography_controversy &oldid=45268872.

3. Steven Musil, “Week in Review: Windows Woes,” New York Times, February 29, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/cnet/CNET_2100-1083_3-6232545.html.

4. See Federal Trade Commission, Privacy Online: Fair Information Practices in the Electronic Marketplace, May 2000, http://www.ftc.gov/reports/privacy2000.pdf.

1. Corbin Hiar, “How the Tea Party Utilized Digital Media to Gain Power,” MediaShift, PBS.org, October 28, 2010, http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2010/10/how-the-tea-party-utilized-digital-media-to-gain-power301.html.

10 Electronic Gaming and the Media Playground

1. Entertainment Software Association, “Essential Facts about the Computer and Video Game Industry,” 2012, http://www.theesa.com/newsroom/release _detail.asp?releaseID=174.

2. Brett Staebell, “BoxeR in Brief,” Escapist, April 6, 2010, http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/issues/issue_248/7378-BoxeR-in-Brief.

3. Erkki Huhtamo, “Slots of Fun, Slots of Trouble: An Archaeology of Arcade Gaming,” in Handbook of Computer Games, ed. Joost Raessens and Jeffrey Goldstein (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2005).

4. Ibid, 9–10.

5. Seth Porges, “11 Things You Didn’t Know about Pinball History,” Popular Mechanics, accessed April 5, 2012, http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/gadgets/toys/4328211-new#slide-1.

6. “Magnavox Odyssey,” PONG-Story, accessed April 5, 2012, http://pong-story.com/odyssey.html.

7. Fantasy Sports Trade Association, “Welcome to the Official Site of the FSTA,” accessed April 5, 2012, http://www.ftsa.org.

8. Henry Jenkins, “Interactive Audiences?: The ‘Collective Intelligence’ of Media Fans,” in The New Media Book, ed. Dan Harries (London: British Film Institute, 2002).

9. “South Korean Couple Starved Child while Raising ‘Virtual Baby,’” CNN World, March 5, 2010, http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-05/world/korea.baby.starved_1_online-addiction-virtual-world-online-game?_s=PM:WORLD.

10. Entertainment Software Association, “Essential Facts about the Computer and Video Game Industry.”

11. “What Is GameSpot.com Fuse?” GameSpot.com, May 24, 2011, http://www.gamespot.com/forums/topic/28672086.

12. “Top 10 Most Expensive Video Game Budgets Ever,” DigitalBattle.com, February 20, 2010, http://digitalbattle.com/2010/02/20/top-10-most-expensive-video-game-budgets-ever/.

13. “IGA Worldwide,” YouTube.com, April 8, 2009, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGKum-lo9V8.

14. “Top 10 Most Expensive Video Game Budgets Ever.”

15. “John Madden Net Worth,” CelebrityNetworth.com, accessed April 5, 2012, http://www.celebritynetworth.com/richest-athletes/nfl/john-madden-net-worth/.

16. Entertainment Software Rating Board, Game Ratings & Descriptor Guide, accessed April 5, 2012, http://www.esrb.org/ratings/ratings_guide.jsp.

17. Evan Narcisse, “Supreme Court: Video Games Qualify for First Amendment Protection,” Time Techland, Time.com, June 27, 2011, http://techland.time.com/2011/06/27/supreme-court-video-games-qualify-for-first-amendment-protection/.

1. “Bow, Nigger,” always_black.com, September 22, 2004, http://www.alwaysblack.com/blackbox/bownigger.html.

2. Kieron Gillen, “The New Games Journalism,” always_black.com, September 22, 2004, http://www.alwaysblack.com/?p=11.

11 Advertising and Commercial Culture

1. Stuart Elliott, “Advertising’s Big Four: It’s Their World Now,” New York Times, March 31, 2002, sec. 3 (Money and Business), p. 1.

2. Randall Rothenberg, Where the Suckers Moon: An Advertising Story (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994), 20.

3. See Bettina Fabos, “The Commercialized Web: Challenges for Libraries and Democracy,” Library Trends 53, no. 4 (Spring 2005): 519–523.

4. See Michael Schudson, Advertising: The Uneasy Persuasion (New York: Basic Books, 1984), 36–43; and Andrew Robertson, The Lessons of Failure (London: MacDonald, 1974).

5. Katharine Q. Seelye, “About $2.6 Billion Spent on Political Ads in 2008,” The Caucus, nytimes.com, December 2, 2008, http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/02/about-2.6-billion-spent-on-political-ads-in-2008.

12 Public Relations and Framing the Message

1. Christie D’Zurilla, “Ashton Kutcher’s Paterno Tweet Sends Actor Running for PR Cover,” Ministry of Gossip, Los Angeles Times, November 10, 2011, http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/gossip/2011/11/ashton-kutcher-paterno-tweet-aplusk-ashton-kutcher.html.

2. Matthew J. Culligan and Dolph Greene, Getting Back to the Basics of Public Relations and Publicity (New York: Crown Publishers, 1982), 100.

3. Marvin N. Olasky, “The Development of Corporate Public Relations, 1850–1930,” Journalism Monographs 102 (April 1987): 15.

4. Michael Schudson, Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers (New York: Basic Books, 1978), 136.

5. “Lobbying: Overview,” OpenSecrets.org, accessed October 7, 2012, http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/index.php.

6. Philip Shenon, “3 Partners Quit Firm Handling Saudis’ P.R.,” New York Times, December 6, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/06/international/middleeast/06SAUD.html?ex=1040199544&ei=1&en=c061b2d98376e7ba.

1. Cori E. Dauber, YouTube War: Fighting in a World of Cameras in Every Cell Phone and Photoshop on Every Computer, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, November 2009, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub951.pdf.

1. Nia Elizabeth Shepherd et al., “Who’s Who: The Eco-Guide,” Time, April 20, 2006, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1185518,00.html.

13 The Culture of Journalism: Values, Ethics, and Democracy

1. For another list and an alternative analysis of news criteria, see the Missouri Group, News Reporting and Writing, 10th ed. (New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2011), 5–6.

2. Herbert Gans, Deciding What’s News (New York: Pantheon, 1979), 42–48.

3. Ibid.

4. SPJ Code of Ethics, Society of Professional Journalists, 1996, http://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp.

5. Ibid.

6. For reference and guidance on media ethics, see Clifford Christians, Mark Fackler, and Kim Rotzoll, Media Ethics: Cases and Moral Reasoning, 4th ed. (White Plains, N.Y.: Longman, 1995); and Thomas H. Bivins, “A Worksheet for Ethics Instruction and Exercises in Reason,” Journalism Educator (Summer 1993): 4–16.

7. Mike Royko, quoted in “News Media: A Searching of Conscience,” Newsweek, May 4, 1981, 53.

8. Davis “Buzz” Merritt, Public Journalism and Public Life: Why Telling the News Is Not Enough (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995), 113–114.

9. Katharine Q. Seelye, “Best-Informed Also View Fake News, Study Finds,” New York Times, April 16, 2007.

10. David Broder, quoted in “Squaring with the Reader: A Seminar on Journalism,” Kettering Review (Winter 1992): 48.

11. Christopher Lasch, “Journalism, Publicity and the Lost Art of Argument,” Gannett Center Journal 4(2) (Spring 1990): 1.

1. Harris Poll #52, “News Reporting Perceived as Biased . . . ,” Harris Interactive, June 30, 2006, http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll.

2. Random House Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary, 2nd ed., s.vv. “conservative,” “liberal.”

3. See Herbert Gans, Deciding What’s News (New York: Pantheon, 1979).

4. See Bernard Goldberg, Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distort the News (New York: Perennial, 2003).

5. See Eric Alterman, What Liberal Media? The Truth about Bias and the News (New York: Basic Books, 2003).

14 Legal Controls and Freedom of Expression

1. Jenna Worthan, “Public Outcry over Antipiracy Bills Began as Grass-Roots Grumbling,” New York Times, January 19, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/20/technology/public-outcry-over-antipiracy-bills-began-as-grass-roots-grumbling.html?_r=2&pagewanted=1&ref=technology.

2. Laurence Tribe, “The ‘Stop Online Piracy Act’ (SOPA) Violates the First Amendment.” http://www.serendipity.li/cda/tribe-legis-memo-on-SOPA-12-6-11-1.pdf.

3. “European Parliament Resolution on the EU-US Summit of 28 November 2011,” European Parliament, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=MOTION&reference-P7-RC-2011-0577&language=EN.

4. See Douglas M. Fraleigh and Joseph S. Tuman, Freedom of Speech in the Marketplace of Ideas (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998), 77.

5. Fred Siebert, Theodore Peterson, and Wilbur Schramm, Four Theories of the Press (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1956).

6. Hugo Black, quoted in New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971), http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0403_0713_ZC.html.

7. Robert Warren, quoted in United States v. Progressive, Inc., 467 F. Supp. 990 (W.D. Wis. 1979), http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/comm/free_speech/progressive.html.

8. See Edward W. Knappman, ed., Great American Trials: From Salem Witchcraft to Rodney King (Detroit, Mich.: Visible Ink Press, 1994), 517–519.

9. Human Rights Watch, “Become a Blogger for Human Rights,” accessed June 17, 2008, http://hrw.org/blogs.htm.

10. “ ‘First Wikileaks Revolution’: Tunisia Descends into Anarchy as President Flees after Cables Reveal Country’s Corruption,” Daily Mail, January 15, 2011, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1347336/First-Wikileaks-Revolution-Tunisia-descends-anarchy-president-flees.html.

11. Bill Keller, “Dealing with Assange and the WikiLeaks Secrets,” New York Times Magazine, January 26, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/30/magazine/30Wikileaks-t.html?pagewanted=1&_r=3&ref=magazine#.

1. Mattathias Schwartz, “The Trolls among Us,” New York Times Magazine, August 3, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/03/magazine/03trolls-t.html.

15 Media Economics and the Global Marketplace

1. Douglas Gomery, “The Centrality of Media Economics,” in Defining Media Studies, ed. Mark R. Levy and Michael Gurevitch (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 202.

2. David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 171.

3. Gomery, “The Centrality of Media Economics,” 203–204.

4. Thomas Geoghegan, “How Pink Slips Hurt More Than Workers,” New York Times, March 29, 2006, p. B8.

5. See James Stewart, Disney War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005).

6. Edward Herman, “Democratic Media,” Z Papers (January–March 1992): 23.

16 Social Scientific and Cultural Approaches to Media Research

1. Sarah Anne Hughes, “Jamey Rodemeyer, Bullied Teen Who Made ‘It Gets Better’ Video, Commits Suicide,” blogPOST, washingtonpost.com, September 21, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/jamey-rodemeyer-bullied-teen-who-made-it-gets-better-video-commits-suicide/2011/09/21/gIQAVVzxkK_blog.html.

2. Aylin Zafar, “Tumblr Bans Pro-Eating Disorder and Other Self-Harm Blogs,” Time NewsFeed, Time.com, February 24, 2012, http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/02/24/tumblr-bans-pro-eating-disorder-and-other-self-harm-blogs/.

3. Steve Fore, “Lost in Translation: The Social Uses of Mass Communications Research,” Afterimage 20 (April 1993): 10.

4. James Carey, Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 75.

5. Daniel Czitrom, Media and the American Mind: From Morse to McLuhan (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 122–125.

6. Ibid., 123.

7. Harold Lasswell, Propaganda Technique in the World War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1927), 9.

8. See W. W. Charters, Motion Pictures and Youth: A Summary (New York: Macmillan, 1934); and Garth Jowett, Film: The Democratic Art (Boston: Little, Brown, 1976), 220–229.

9. Czitrom, Media and the American Mind, 132; see also Harold Lasswell, “The Structure and Function of Communication in Society,” in The Communication of Ideas, ed. Lyman Bryson (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1948), 37–51.

10. See Joseph Klapper, The Effects of Mass Communication (New York: Free Press, 1960).

11. See Nancy Signorielli and Michael Morgan, Cultivation Analysis: New Directions in Media Effects Research (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1990).

12. See Stuart Hall et al., Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order (London: Macmillan, 1978).

13. See Jack G. Sheehan, Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People (Northampton, Mass.: Interlink Publishing Group, 2001).

14. See Janice Radway, Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy and Popular Literature (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984).

1. Federal Communications Commission, “Violent Television Programming and Its Impact on Children,” April 25, 2007, http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-07-050A1.pdf.