F.3 Content Changes

• New art richly illustrates the discussion of psychology’s roots, where new subsections help organize the presentation.
• Structuralism and functionalism are now key terms.
• Contemporary Psychology section substantially updated, with expanded coverage of evolutionary psychology and behavior genetics, cross-cultural and gender psychology, and positive psychology.
• Updated coverage of women in psychology.
• New art illustrates cultural diversity.
• New illustration with figure introduces the biopsychosocial approach more effectively.
• Updated table of current perspectives.
• Now introduces health psychologists; and new forensic psychology example and photo.
• Updated discussion on how to Improve Your Retention—And Your Grades details the testing effect, and how to apply it effectively to learning with this text.

• Chapter organization lightly modified and improved. (For example, naturalistic observation is now covered before surveys, and the section on frequently asked questions about psychological research has been reorganized, with new section on Psychology’s Research Ethics.)
• Intuition now defined in this chapter, with new illustration (as well as in Thinking and Language). New current event examples incorporated.
• New research support for hindsight bias in people of all ages from across the world.
• Critical thinking strategies discussion enriched with new art illustrating that the study of psychology prepares people for varied occupations.
• Improved sleep deprivation example illustrates how theories are developed through the scientific method.
• Importance of research replication given increased emphasis.
• New research with figure on Twitter message moods, and on international Facebook friendships, illustrates discussion of “big data” methods in naturalistic observation.
• New photo illustrates naturalistic observation, and new survey data examples.
• Coverage of regression toward the mean has moved here (from Therapy in the tenth edition).
• Includes new research examples of correlations that may seem to be simple cause and effect.
• New research explores parenting and happiness.
• Updated research for breast-feeding versus bottle-feeding experimentation example.
• New research examples of the placebo effect in athletes and others.
• Expanded discussion of psychology’s research ethics, with subsections on studying and protecting participants and on values in research.
• Expanded discussion of descriptive and inferential statistics.
• New research demonstrates the dangers of statistical illiteracy.
• Updated discussion of our love of big, round numbers, but also new research on how precise numbers can sometimes seem more credible.
• Table on computing standard deviation now appears here, rather than in Appendix B as in the previous edition.

• Refractory period and all-or-none response are now key terms.
• Improved coverage of agonists and antagonists, which are now key terms, along with improved figure.
• Sensory neurons are now identified as afferent (inward), and motor neurons as efferent (outward).
• Expanded illustration of the functional divisions of the nervous system.
• Additional research on the vast number of neurons and synapses.
• Updated research on oxytocin’s effects on physical and social responses.
• New research on how the endocrine system enables the persistence of emotions even without conscious awareness of their cause.
• New illustration of a living human brain demonstrates neuroscientists studying the brain at work.
• Now includes information on how much energy our brain consumes in relation to its size.
• New commentary and research on the sometimes overblown claims about neuroimaging often found in the media and in advertising.
• Updated information on the massive funding of the Human Brain Project and the Human Connectome Project.
• Improved figure showing the brainstem and thalamus.
• Hippocampus now defined here as well as in the Memory chapter.
• New research example of woman with damaged amygdala experiencing no fear, even when threatened with a gun.
• New research demonstrates the role of dopamine in pleasant experiences and memories, such as the “chills” response to a favorite piece of music.
• New photos show examples of neural prosthetics in action.
• Now discusses research funding by the U.S. Army to build a helmet that might read and transmit soldiers’ thoughts.
• Coverage of the somatosensory cortex (previously referred to as the “sensory cortex”) has been fully updated.
• Improved figure showing the visual cortex and auditory cortex.
• New research on how complex tasks integrate many parts of the brain.
• Updated research on the damage to the neurons in Phineas Gage’s left frontal lobe, but also to a portion of its axons that connect the frontal lobes with the rest of the brain.
• New high-resolution diffusion spectrum image reveals brain neural networks within the two hemispheres and the corpus callosum neural bridge between them.
• New research on brain plasticity in those who cannot see or hear.
• Updated research on brain plasticity in young children.
• New research on evidence of neurogenesis discovered by the carbon-dating of neurons in the hippocampus (made possible by the release of radioactive carbon isotopes during Cold War nuclear tests).

• Expanded coverage of conscious awareness, with several new research examples.
• Research update to studies of communication in comatose patients.
• New example illustrates connection between conscious and unconscious processing.
• Parallel processing is now also defined in this chapter (rather than only in Sensation and Perception, as in the previous edition).
• Increased coverage of the question of consciousness and free will.
• Selective attention discussion expanded, with updated research and new examples.
• New art illustrates inattentional blindness in two new examples.
• Change blindness is illustrated with new art, there is new research on change deafness, and a new photo series depicts choice blindness.
• Updates to research on sleep pattern variations.
• Suprachiasmatic nucleus is now a key term, identified in an improved figure.
• New research supports idea that ample sleep aids skill learning and high performance.
• Updated research on why we sleep and on the effects of sleep deprivation.
• New research on how sleep-deprived students have more conflicts in friendships and romantic relationships.
• Updated figure shows physiological effects of sleep deprivation (in the brain, immune system, and stomach, and reflected in blood pressure and weight).
• Updated table on natural sleep aids.
• New research on sleep apnea, and new photo of a CPAP machine being used for treatment.
• Research updates to What We Dream section, including cases of those unable to see or walk from birth having these abilities in their dreams.
• New research on our ability to learn to associate a particular sound with an odor while asleep.
• New art illustrates how learning is consolidated into long-term memory during sleep, supporting the cognitive development theory of why we dream.
• Added research support for increased activity in the emotion-related amygdala during emotional dreams.
• Updated table compares dream theories.
• Coverage of hypnosis now appears in a Thinking Critically box on pain control in Chapter 6, Sensation and Perception.
• Drugs and Consciousness discussion fully updated for DSM-5.
• Substance use disorder and alcohol use disorder are new key terms, and includes updated definitions, such as for addiction and withdrawal.
• New table outlines When Is Drug Use a Disorder?
• Updated Thinking Critically About box on addiction now includes discussion of DSM-5’s inclusion of behavior addictions such as gambling disorder, and its proposal for further study of “Internet gaming disorder.”
• New research on alcohol “intervention studies” that have lowered college students’ positive expectations about alcohol and reduced their consumption.
• New illustration demonstrates the tragic effects of drinking and driving.
• Updates on the lethal effects of smoking, including a life expectancy at least 10 years shorter.
• New research on smokers’ relapse rates and on success of smoking cessation attempts.
• New photos illustrate the effects of a methamphetamine addiction over the course of 18 months.
• Updated research on negative health effects of Ecstasy.
• New research on the drop in IQ scores among persistent teen marijuana users.
• Updates to the Guide to Selective Psychoactive Drugs table.
• High school trends in drug use chart updated with latest data.
• New photo illustrates media models of smoking that influence teens.
• New research on the biological influences on drug use.
• Updates on the cultural, social, and cognitive influences on drug use.

• New co-author Nathan DeWall led the revision of this chapter for the eleventh edition.
• New example opens the discussion of behavior genetics.
• Updated research on similarities as well as variation among identical and fraternal twins.
• New research on how genes influence personality traits and even specific behaviors.
• New photos throughout the chapter of identical twins, siblings, and those adopted highlight gene-environment interaction.
• Updated research on the stability of temperament, and the greater temperament similarity among identical twins.
• New key term, molecular behavior genetics.
• Research updates on epigenetic influences, and on epigenetic marks left by trauma.
• New Thinking Critically About box on prenatal testing to predict future traits.
• New evolutionary psychology photo example.
• New research updates An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality; new table illustrates typical male-female differences in sexual attitudes.
• New research on the sexual overperception bias, which may occur when men misperceive a woman’s friendliness.
• New research in Experience and Brain Development shows that premature babies given skin-on-skin contact are better off even 10 years later.
• New photo illustrates cultural differences in parenting.
• New research on greater reward activation influencing risk-taking among teens when with peers.
• Updates to discussion of collectivism and individualism, including new neuroscience research on distress in others resulting in greater emotional pain to collectivists.
• Sex and gender now more clearly differentiated, with sex a new key term.
• Social script now defined here as well as in Chapter 13, Social Psychology.
• New research on gender differences in aggression, with relational aggression now a key term illustrated with new photo.
• New research on gender and social power, and gender and social connectedness.
• The Nature of Gender now includes coverage of adolescent sexual development (moved here from Chapter 5, Developing Across the Life Span, in previous edition).
• New research updates discussion of earlier puberty and average age at onset.
• New photo illustrates height differences in adolescence; includes new key term, spermarche.
• New coverage of variations in sexual development, with disorder of sexual development a new key term.
• The Nurture of Gender section updated and reorganized with subsections. How Do We Learn Gender? subsection discusses gender identity and expression, with new coverage of transgender and androgynous gender identity.
• Updated discussion of nature, nurture, and their interaction concludes the chapter.

• Chapter headings and organization lightly modified and improved. (For example, complete coverage of the three main developmental issues now appears at the start of the chapter, rather than at the ends of major chronological periods.)
• Research updates support the stability of temperament.
• Updated research on newborns’ recognition of the familiar sounds of their mothers’ language.
• New research on prenatal effects of mothers experiencing extreme stress.
• New research on how infants learn to walk, and discussion of research on when infants become consciously aware.
• Updated research demonstrates babies’ rudimentary understanding of statistics.
• New photo shows egocentrism in action.
• Autism spectrum disorder discussion significantly revised to match DSM-5 update and with new research and a new photo.
• Expanded discussion of the value of Harlow experiments.
• New table, Dual Parenting Facts.
• New research on how an avoidant attachment style increases conflict and decreases commitment.
• Updated research on childhood trauma and its lasting effects that suggests in some cases it may boost resilience.
• Parenting Styles expanded with new cross-cultural research.
• Coverage of puberty has moved to Chapter 4, Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity.
• New research with new figure on teen impulse control lagging reward seeking, which peaks in the mid-teens.
• Updated coverage of moral judgments and automatic moral responses, with new photo illustrating moral reasoning.
• Expanded discussion of moral action and the ability to delay gratification.
• New research on adolescent identity development, and on decline of self-esteem in the early to mid-teen years and rebound in late adolescence.
• Updated social networking research in peer relationship discussion, and new research on parents’ and teens’ shared self-disclosure on social media.
• Emerging Adulthood discussion includes updated figure on the lengthening transition to adulthood.
• Global data on life expectancy for women and men updated.
• Includes new research on childhood bullying leading to biological scars, in the discussion of telomeres.
• Updated research on older drivers and on speech patterns slowing with age.
• Neuroscience research on the aging brain’s plasticity, evident with activity in both right and left frontal lobes in memory tasks.
• In Adulthood, the Cognitive Development section has been reorganized and expanded, with the aging and memory discussion followed by coverage of neurocognitive disorders and Alzheimer’s disease, now both key terms.
• New commentary and research on “brain fitness” programs.
• New figure in Adulthood’s Commitments illustrates changing ways Americans meet their partners.
• Updated figure illustrates stability of life satisfaction over the life span.
• New research, with new graph, suggests well-being relates to social time for all ages.
• Updated research on bereavement.

• Chapter introduction now notes unusual condition of “voice blindness” in addition to face blindness.
• New neuroscience research on how priming can evoke brain activity without conscious awareness.
• New coverage of the adaptation of emotion perception, with “try this” photo example.
• New illustrations demonstrate perceptual set.
• Updated research and new pair of photos illustrate context effects.
• New research on how emotions and motives color our social perceptions.
• New research on how the iris dilates or constricts even when imagining different light conditions.
• Baseball pitch example now illustrates the astonishing speed of visual information processing.
• Expanded discussion of classic research on feature detectors.
• New art illustrates the visual cliff experiments.
• Research update on children’s difficulty in accurately perceiving motion, and their resulting increased risk for pedestrian accidents.
• New research on cataract surgery in children supports doing so at as young an age as possible.
• New coverage of the speed of audition.
• Updated coverage of the experience of hearing loss, including global statistics as well as cochlear implants, with new art.
• New research on hearing loss among teens.
• New research illustrates how our responses to touch are influenced by cognition.
• Updated research on women’s greater sensitivity to pain.
• Two new sports examples of the powerful effect of distraction on the experience of pain.
• New research support for maximizing pain relief with placebos, distraction, and hypnosis.
• Hypnosis now covered in a new Thinking Critically About Hypnosis and Pain Relief box.
• Updated cognitive neuroscience research helps explain smell-cognition connection.
• New research on the vast number of odors we could potentially discriminate, given that they trigger combinations of receptors.
• New research updates the interaction of taste and touch, and other types of sensory interaction.
• Expanded discussion with new research on synesthesia.
• New example of psychic predictions about missing person cases in the Thinking Critically About ESP box.

• Compelling new chapter introduction.
• New example supports subtle effect of learned associations.
• New research on process of learning habits, and on how we tend to fall back on old habits when our willpower is low.
• New figure illustrates Pavlov’s device for recording salivation.
• Research update supports finding that we generalize our like or dislike based on learned facial features.
• New information on what happened to “Little Albert.”
• New art with figure illustrates Thorndike’s law of effect, and a new photo illustrates shaping.
• Punishment section now includes research on children’s compliance after a reprimand and a time out.
• Improved table compares Ways to Decrease Behavior.
• Updated research on physical punishment and increased aggressiveness, as well as global figures on legal protections for children.
• New research supports idea that punishment should focus on prohibitions rather than positive obligations.
• New discussion in Skinner’s Legacy of how his work anticipated some of today’s positive psychology.
• New research on how adaptive learning software supports individualized learning.
• Updated summary on how to best reinforce desired behaviors.
• Taste aversion illustrated with new photo.
• Updated research on biologically predisposed, learned association between the color red and sex.
• New photo illustrates how animals can most easily learn and retain behaviors that draw on their biological predispositions.
• New research on how a focus on intrinsic rewards in schooling and career may lead to extrinsic rewards as well.
• New research supports vicarious reinforcement, with even learned fears being extinguished when we observe others safely navigating the feared situation.
• Updated research on how the brain might support empathy and imitation, and how we may act even when a vicarious prompt is a fictional story.
• Expanded coverage, with new photos, of social learning among other animals.
• New research on how prosocial media boosts helping behaviors, and new photo illustrates prosocial modeling.
• New research examples update media violence viewing/violent behavior discussion.
• Research update supports finding that observing risk-taking increases real-life risk-taking.

• New photo example from a worldwide memory competition.
• New music and face recognition research examples, and new research on face recognition among sheep.
• New photo illustrates measures of retention.
• Parallel processing is now defined in this chapter.
• New research shows we remember less when we know information will be available online.
• Memory subsystems clarified and simplified as automatic vs. effortful, with implicit/explicit differences presented within that simpler organization; details provided about brain areas for these differing memory functions.
• Updated research on how those with a large working memory capacity tend to retain more information after sleep and to be creative problem solvers.
• Figure illustrating the effects of chunking on memory updated with new examples.
• New research supports the testing effect and updates other study tips. New link to author’s Testing Effect YouTube animation.
• Memory storage discussion updated with new research on memory components that are distributed across a network, with some of those brain cells activating again upon memory retrieval.
• New art illustrates the hippocampus, and memory consolidation has become a key term.
• New research on flashbulb memory and tunnel vision memory.
• Research update on how experience and learning increase synaptic number as well as efficiency.
• New personal story from author illustrates example of insufficient time for memory consolidation.
• Research updates how priming can influence behaviors.
• New examples illustrate context-dependent memory, with encoding specificity principle a new key term.
• New photo accompanies graph illustrating the serial position effect.
• New research on enlarged brain areas in “super memory” people.
• New research on Henry Molaison’s nondeclarative memory abilities.
• Includes new research on wide belief in repression of traumatic memories.
• Reconsolidation is a new key term.
• Memory construction now demonstrated with author’s personal experience at Loftus presentation.
• Discussion of memories of abuse includes new research and has become a Thinking Critically box.

• New photo demonstrates prototype.
• New research on how insight improves when electrical stimulation disrupts assumptions created by past experiences.
• New photo illustrates heuristic thinking strategy.
• Updated research on the effectiveness of cigarette package warnings and graphic photos in risk assessment.
• New research explains the planning fallacy.
• Updated discussion of why we fear the wrong things.
• Research updates on unconsciously learned associations in newlyweds and others.
• Includes new research on the value of employing intuition for complex decisions; new examples relate to attitudes and decision-making.
• Discussion of creativity moved here from the Intelligence chapter, with new key terms convergent and divergent thinking.
• New photo and research on the development of creative traits in girls.
• New research on animal consciousness and cognitive feats.
• New research updates discussion of babies’ language comprehension and productive language development.
• Discussion of language development in the brain updated with new neuroscience research.
• Revised figure illustrates brain activity when speaking and hearing words.
• Includes new research on animal cognition, as well as neuroscience research on a gene unique to humans that helps enable speech.
• Linguistic determinism discussion updated with new research on unsymbolized thoughts and new cross-cultural research.
• Other new cross-cultural research outlines advantages of bilingualism.

• New photo example illustrates how cultural understandings of intelligence are socially constructed.
• New research on distinct brain networks enabling distinct abilities updates discussion of g factor.
• Now includes Gardner’s ninth possible intelligence, existential intelligence, in Theories of Multiple Intelligences.
• New photo illustrates savant syndrome.
• New research suggests mastery (e.g., of chess) requires 3000–11,000 practice hours.
• Table comparing theories of intelligence now includes emotional intelligence.
• Improved organization of section on the history of intelligence testing.
• New photo illustrates testing with block design puzzles.
• New research updates continuing global rise in intelligence test scores, illustrated in updated figure, and possible reasons for this phenomenon.
• Grade inflation effects now included, with new research.
• Updated research supports strength of intelligence stability over time.
• Updated research suggests those with higher intelligence live healthier and longer.
• New example demonstrates legal connotations of low IQ scores.
• New photo example illustrates the high extreme of intelligence.
• New neuroscience and other research updates and clarifies discussion of the heritability of intelligence.
• Updated research on the benefits of enrichment programs for disadvantaged children and on how poverty-related stresses impede cognitive performance.
• Updated research supports importance of establishing a growth mind-set for academic success.
• New research supports impact of cultural and other expectations on academic flourishing.
• Updated discussion outlines interaction of schooling, intelligence, and motivation.
• New photo example of Shakuntala Devi, “the human computer.”
• Updated cross-cultural research that supports impact of gender expectations on academic flourishing.
• New research shows that as gender equity has increased, the gap between boys and girls with very high math SAT scores has narrowed.
• Updated discussion of intelligence variation due to racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic differences.
• New research supports the effect of expectations on test performance and suggests ways to boost school achievement among stereotyped minorities.

• The new chapter title reflects the meaningful ways in which motivation directs our behavior.
• Powerful new chapter introduction.
• Coverage of industrial-organizational psychology has moved to Appendix A: Psychology at Work.
• The Yerkes-Dodson law is now included in the discussion of optimum arousal.
• Hunger Games example now illustrates Maslow’s hierarchy.
• New research updates biological and cultural influences on taste preferences, and situational influences on eating.
• Discussion of obesity and weight control streamlined with improved organization, and updated with global statistics and a new photo.
• New research on negative social, health, and memory effects of obesity.
• Updates on our changing workplace, with most modern jobs not requiring physical activity.
• Sexual Motivation section extensively updated with improved organization.
• New research expands discussion of The Physiology of Sex, with asexuality a new key term.
• New section on Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias with DSM-5 updates; includes enhanced discussion of sexual disorders in women.
• Updated statistics on sexually transmitted infections.
• Psychology of Sex updated with new research and improved organization.
• New photo illustrates hypersexuality in video games.
• New research and statistics on sexual orientation, including increased coverage of lesbian and bisexual orientations.
• Origins of Sexual Orientation updated with new research.
• New research enhances coverage of Sex and Human Values.
• Affiliation and Achievement section updated, with affiliation need now a key term.
• New research on attachment bonds and our physiological responses to them updates The Benefits of Belonging discussion.
• New research updates in The Pain of Ostracism, with ostracism a new key term.
• New example with photo of first African-American West Point graduate.
• Connecting and Social Networking section fully updated.

• New co-author Nathan DeWall led the revision of this chapter for the eleventh edition.
• Restructured opening to Introduction to Emotion more clearly outlines the bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experiences in emotion and the resulting puzzle for psychologists of how these pieces fit together.
• New research on how emotional experience is subjective and yet real.
• Improved figure showing the brain’s pathways to emotions.
• Updates to table summarizing emotion theories.
• Includes new research on speedy first impressions.
• Update on accurate lie detection by police professionals, and on how the unconscious mind can outperform the conscious mind in lie detection.
• New research on how humans excel at detecting nonverbal threats.
• Updated discussion of gender differences in emotional experience, and the importance of context for accurate detection of facial expressions.
• The facial feedback effect research on Botox and depression has been updated, and behavior feedback effect is a new key term.
• Discussion of anger has been updated, including research on catharsis (with new photo), tips for managing our anger, and a new study on forgiveness.
• Updates on the benefits of happiness and ways to increase happiness, including buying shared experiences rather than material goods.
• Coverage of positive psychology has moved here from the Personality chapter.
• New research on how economic inequality has increased, how specific genes influence our sense of well-being, and how nations may assess citizens’ overall satisfaction.
• New research on how some stress early in life can build resilience, but can also lead to greater adult stress responses and disease risk.
• Updated research on the health-depleting effects of depression, anxiety, and stress, and the connection between social threats and inflammation.
• Stress and Vulnerability to Disease section updated with new research and examples.
• Stress and Heart Disease subsection revised and updated; now includes Type D personality (as well as Type A and Type B).
• Reorganized/improved new Health and Coping section.
• Personal Control section revised and expanded with new research.
• Coverage of learned helplessness, external locus of control, and internal locus of control moved here (from the Personality chapter). New key term self-control and new photo examples.
• Revised and expanded discussion of optimism and health; new research on how to become more optimistic and reduce levels of depression.
• Social Support revised and updated with new research and new examples, including a study of people in low-conflict marriages living longer, healthier lives.
• New research supports effects of exercise on preventing or reducing depression and anxiety, and new cross-cultural research supports exercise/life satisfaction link.
• Now includes information about the 150-minutes-per-week exercise target shown to have highest effect on well-being.
• Relaxation and Meditation section revised and updated with new research and examples, including research showing link between meditation and a decrease in depression and anxiety, and improvement in decision-making.
• Support for the longevity/religiosity link updated, with new research about possible contributions of healthy lifestyle choices among those who are religiously active.

• This chapter now appears before the Personality chapter.
• New research and examples show power of priming in how attitudes affect actions.
• New photo illustrates attitudes following behavior.
• New research expands group pressure and conformity discussion, including new example of lasting changes in personality due to career choices.
• New research on brain regions that become active when people experience cognitive conflict and negative arousal also becoming active when experiencing cognitive dissonance.
• Coverage of persuasion includes updates using climate change as central example.
• New research expands discussion of social synchrony and mimicry being spread through our social networks.
• New photo illustrates how some appear to conform to nonconformity.
• New study with figure on how “I voted” message influenced others on social media.
• Milgram discussion includes updated coverage of replications of his research with different groups.
• Table showing home advantage in team sports updated with new data and additional team sports.
• New photo illustrates social loafing.
• New table helps students distinguish among social facilitation, social loafing, and deindividuation.
• Updates on the Internet as social amplifier, with new examples that demonstrate group polarization online.
• Updated figure illustrates increased acceptance of interracial dating among Americans.
• Significantly updated and reorganized prejudice discussion now covers ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation separately.
• New research and examples of persisting subtle prejudice, including implicit prejudice.
• New research examples of ingroup bias, including the finding that ingroup discrimination sometimes results from networking and mutual support rather than hostility.
• New coverage of the MAOA gene in The Biology of Aggression.
• Research updates on women’s perception of men with higher facial width-to-height ratios as more dominant.
• Psychological and Social-Cultural Factors in Aggression updated, including new research on media models and video games.
• Updated research on contributors to aggression, and updates to the biopsychosocial understanding of aggression figure.
• New photos illustrate the mere exposure effect.
• Updated discussion of modern matchmaking, including new graph of heterosexual and same-sex couples that met online.
• New research and examples update discussion of physical attraction.
• New research on increased personal happiness in people from both rich and poor countries if they had donated to a charity in the past month.
• Updated research on people who had been generously treated later being more likely to be generous themselves.
• New photo illustrates altruism during the Rwandan genocide.
• Research updates to The Norms for Helping discussion.
• New example illustrates mirror-image perceptions.

• New co-author Nathan DeWall led the revision of this chapter for the eleventh edition.
• This chapter now appears immediately before the Psychological Disorders chapter.
• Compelling new chapter introduction.
• Improved coverage of modern-day psychodynamic approaches, now more clearly distinguished from historical Freudian roots.
• Assessing Unconscious Processes discussion now includes the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
• New research expands discussion of the modern unconscious mind, and how modern theorists have continued to study irrationality, sexuality, and other areas of interest to Freud.
• New research and examples support value of humanistic psychology’s positive regard and focus on listening with empathy.
• New photo illustrates extraversion.
• New Thinking Critically box, The Stigma of Introversion.
• Updated section on Biology and Personality covers personality-related brain activity variation, and personality differences in animals.
• Big Five discussion updated with new research, including cultural changes over time, relation to brain structure/function, and actual prediction of behavior.
• New research on how personality tendencies taken to either extreme may become maladaptive, and updates on how music preferences, personal spaces, online spaces, and written communications relate to personality traits, with new photo.
• Social-Cognitive Theories revised and updated, and expanded to include heredity-environment interaction.
• New photo illustrates reciprocal determinism.
• Personal Control and Positive Psychology sections moved to Chapter 12.
• Exploring the Self section updated; self-efficacy now a key term.
• Updates to the table comparing the major personality theories.
• New research and discussion outlines importance of positive goal-setting in considering possible selves.
• New research on the perils of excessive optimism, blindness to one’s own incompetence, and self-serving bias, but with some value placed on self-serving bias helping us replace despair with confidence.
• Discussion of narcissism updated.

• New co-author Nathan DeWall led the revision of this chapter for the eleventh edition.
• Reorganized and thoroughly updated to reflect changes to psychiatry’s latest edition of its diagnostic manual—the DSM-5. Includes integration of psychiatric diagnoses into mainstream medical practice, redefinition of disorders, new disorder categories, changes in labels, and updated definition of psychological disorder.
• The biopsychosocial approach enriched with discussion of epigenetics, with associated updates throughout the chapter.
• New mentions of controversial changes in the DSM-5 throughout the chapter, including the new disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, removal of the bereavement exception for depression, and loosened criteria for adult ADHD.
• New, careful explanation of how care providers use DSM-5 criteria and codes for diagnosis and treatment, using insomnia disorder as illustrative example.
• New results of field trials on clinician agreement with DSM-5 for certain categories of disorder.
• Updated Thinking Critically box on ADHD, including controversies about diagnosis and concerns about those seeking the “good-grade pills.”
• Thinking Critically About Insanity box significantly revised, with new focus and title—Are People With Psychological Disorders Dangerous?
• New photo example of media portrayals of psychological disorders.
• Rates of Psychological Disorders now appears earlier in the chapter.
• More research on gender differences in generalized anxiety disorder.
• New photo example illustrates discussion of panic disorder.
• New research on misperceiving panic symptoms as a heart attack or other illness, with new example.
• New example and research updates discussion of obsessive-compulsive disorder, and new research updates PTSD statistics.
• New photo example illustrates how we are biologically prepared to fear some things more than others.
• New research and examples in Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD on learned fears and stimulus generalization, as well as neural, hormonal, and genetic influences.
• Updated table on Diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder.
• New research updates discussion of depression, including updated statistics and new research on gender differences and on cultural influences.
• New research on the possible factors that put women at greater risk for depression.
• New data on incidence of bipolar disorder, particularly its diagnosis among Americans and among those in creative professions.
• New coverage of dysthymia, and updated discussion of a seasonal pattern for depression and bipolar disorder.
• Suicide rates discussion updated, including with more research on ethnic differences, and updates to the nonsuicidal self-injury research.
• Updated research on the dangers of relentless, self-focused rumination.
• Understanding Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder updated with new research studies exploring genetic, biochemical, cognitive, and behavioral predictors.
• New research updates discussion of cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, including an impaired theory of mind.
• Chronic and acute schizophrenia are new key terms.
• New neuroscience and genetic research updates Understanding Schizophrenia.
• Includes new schizophrenia risk factors—childhood physical, sexual, and emotional abuse.
• New research on how abnormal brain anatomy may accompany dissociative identity disorder.
• New research on how those with antisocial personality disorder may show lower emotional intelligence.
• Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder updated and improved with new genetics research, and discussion of adaptive aspects of some symptoms of psychopathy, such as fearlessness and dominance.
• New examples and other research update Eating Disorders.
• New research on a gene that reduces available serotonin, increasing risk for developing anorexia or bulimia.

• Introduction to Therapy and the Psychological Therapies reorganized/improved; now distinguishes psychotherapy and biomedical therapy more clearly.
• New explanations and research updates Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapy.
• New photo illustrates face-to-face therapy.
• Helpful new examples of people overcoming fears in Exposure Therapies discussion.
• New photos illustrates virtual reality exposure therapy.
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy discussion updated with new research and information, including how positive self-talk is helpful even for those without depression.
• New information on how psychotherapy can be more accessible and affordable through web- and phone- based interventions, work setting treatments, and self-help efforts facilitated by groups, books, and smart-phone apps.
• Improved and updated table compares psychotherapies.
• Updated research on effectiveness of certain psychotherapies for specific disorders.
• New research with new photo supports the importance of the therapeutic alliance.
• Updated discussion of cultural influences in successful therapy.
• Reorganized section on Finding a Mental Health Professional.
• Updated explanation of how primary care providers prescribe most psychiatric drugs, followed by psychiatrists (and psychologists in some U.S. states).
• New research on the placebo effect in drug therapy showing that even mere exposure to advertising about a drug’s effectiveness can increase its effect.
• Clarified and updated explanation of antidepressants, and about the preference for the term SSRIs, given their multiple treatment uses (not just for depression).
• New research on the possibility of quicker-acting antidepressants.
• Revised explanation more explicitly differentiates today’s gentler ECT from its harsher form when first introduced in 1938, and updated research on its effectiveness for severe depression and “treatment-resistant” patients.
• New neuroscience research on how ECT may weaken connections in a “hyperconnected” neural hub in the left frontal lobe.
• New research on the effectiveness of rTMS neurostimulation therapy to treat depression.
• Research updates on deep brain stimulation treatment of depression.
• Therapeutic Lifestyle Change updated with new research supporting value of healthy lifestyle choices, including time spent in natural environments.
• New table compares psychotherapies and biomedical therapies.
• Reorganized/expanded final sections on Preventing Psychological Disorders and Building Resilience.
• Updated research supports concept of higher resilience in certain groups.
• Coverage of posttraumatic growth now appears here, in reference to struggles with challenging crises.
• Updated research suggests importance of finding meaning to foster posttraumatic growth after tragedy, and as a preventive mental health strategy.

• This new appendix, part of Chapter 11, Motivation and Work, in the previous edition, offers a focused look at industrial-organizational psychology.
• New section on Matching Interests to Work in discussion of personnel psychology.
• New information on career planning in Discovering Your Strengths.
• New research suggests busier, focused people are happier.
• New research on the interviewer illusion updates Do Interviews Predict Performance?
• Updated research on worker satisfaction and engagement, and on the success/morale relationship in employees, supports the finding that successful managers consider employee well-being.
• Updated research on leadership styles, with a new photo illustrating the power of positive leadership.
• Expanded discussion of successful goal-setting from effective leaders introduces value of collective intelligence.

• This appendix focuses on educational requirements, type of work, and likely places to work for each of psychology’s main subfields.
• New photo examples illustrates community psychology, forensic psychology, and sport psychology.

• In an effort to encourage students to self-test, the Reviews at the end of each main section include only a list of the learning objective questions—repeated from within that section. Answers to those questions form these complete chapter reviews, which students may use to check their answers or review the material.