Part 6: TEST YOURSELF

TEST
YOUR-
SELF DEVELOPING THROUGH THE LIFE SPAN

Test yourself repeatedly throughout your studies. This will not only help you figure out what you know and don’t know; the testing itself will help you learn and remember the information more effectively thanks to the testing effect.

Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn

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1. The three major issues that interest developmental psychologists are nature/nurture, stability/change, and / .

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2. Although development is lifelong, there is stability of personality over time. For example,

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3. Body organs first begin to form and function during the period of the _______; within 6 months, during the period of the _______, the organs are sufficiently functional to allow a good chance of survival.

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B.
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D.
3
Correct!

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4. Chemicals that pass through the placenta’s screen and may harm an embryo or fetus are called .

Infancy and Childhood

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5. Stroke a newborn’s cheek and the infant will root for a nipple. This illustrates

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3
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6. Between ages 3 and 6, the human brain experiences the greatest growth in the lobes, which enable rational planning and aid memory.

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7. Which of the following is true of motor-skill development?

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B.
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Correct!

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8. Why can’t we consciously recall how we learned to walk when we were infants?
Answer: We have no conscious memories of events occurring before about age 3½, in part because major brain areas have not yet matured.

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9. Use Piaget’s first three stages of cognitive development to explain why young children are not just miniature adults in the way they think.
Answer: Infants in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage tend to be focused only on their own perceptions of the world and may, for example, be unaware that objects continue to exist when unseen. A child in the preoperational stage is still egocentric and incapable of appreciating simple logic, such as the reversibility of operations. A preteen in the concrete operational stage is beginning to think logically about concrete events but not about abstract concepts.
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10. Although Piaget’s stage theory continues to inform our understanding of children’s thinking, many researchers believe that

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11. An 8-month-old infant who reacts to a new babysitter by crying and clinging to his father’s shoulder is showing .

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12. In a series of experiments, the Harlows found that monkeys raised with artificial mothers tended, when afraid, to cling to their cloth mother, rather than to a wire mother holding the feeding bottle. Why was this finding important?
Answer: Before these studies, many psychologists believed that infants became attached to those who nourished them.

Adolescence

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13. Adolescence is marked by the onset of

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14. According to Piaget, a person who can think logically about abstractions is in the stage.

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15. In Erikson’s stages, the primary task during adolescence is

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D.
3
Correct!

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16. Some developmental psychologists now refer to the period that occurs in some Western cultures from age 18 to the mid-twenties and beyond (up to the time of full adult independence) as .

Adulthood

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17. By age 65, a person would be most likely to experience a cognitive decline in the ability to

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3
Correct!

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18. How do cross-sectional and longitudinal studies differ?
Answer: Cross-sectional studies compare people of different ages. Longitudinal studies restudy and retest the same people over a long period of time.

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19. Freud defined the healthy adult as one who is able to love and work. Erikson agreed, observing that the adult struggles to attain intimacy and .

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20. Contrary to what many people assume,

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