Part 15 Test Yourself

TEST
YOUR-
SELF PERSONALITY

Test yourself repeatedly throughout your studies. This will not only help you figure out what you know and don’t know; the testing itself will help you learn and remember the information more effectively thanks to the testing effect.

Introduction to Personality and Psychodynamic Theories

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1. Freud believed that we may block painful or unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, or memories from consciousness through an unconscious process called .

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2. According to Freud’s view of personality structure, the “executive” system, the _________, seeks to gratify the impulses of the __________ in more acceptable ways.

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3. Freud proposed that the development of the “voice of conscience” is related to the , which internalizes ideals and provides standards for judgments.

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4. According to the psychoanalytic view of development, we all pass through a series of psychosexual stages, including the oral, anal, and phallic stages. Conflicts unresolved at any of these stages may lead to

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5. Freud believed that defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to distort or disguise reality, all in an effort to reduce our .

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6. tests ask test-takers to respond to an ambiguous stimulus, for example, by describing it or telling a story about it.

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7. In general, neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney accepted many of Freud’s views but placed more emphasis than he did on

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8. Modern-day psychodynamic theorists and therapists agree with Freud about

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9. Which of the following is NOT part of the contemporary view of the unconscious?

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Humanistic Theories and Trait Theories

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10. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs proposes that we must satisfy basic physiological and safety needs before we seek ultimate psychological needs, such as self-actualization. Maslow based his ideas on

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11. How might Rogers explain how environment influences the development of a criminal?
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Rogers might assert that the criminal was raised in an environment lacking genuineness, acceptance (unconditional positive regard), and empathy, which inhibited psychological growth and led to a negative self-concept.

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12. The total acceptance Rogers advocated as part of a growth-promoting environment is called  .

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13. theories of personality focus on describing characteristic behavior patterns, such as agreeableness or extraversion.

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14. One famous personality inventory is the

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15. Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality factors?

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16. Our scores on personality tests best predict

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Social-Cognitive Theories and the Self

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17. The social-cognitive perspective proposes our personality is shaped by a process called reciprocal determinism, as personal factors, environmental factors, and behaviors interact. An example of an environmental factor is

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18. Critics say that - personality theory is very sensitive to an individual’s interactions with particular situations, but that it gives too little attention to the person’s enduring traits.

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19. Researchers have found that low self-esteem tends to be linked with life problems. How should this link be interpreted?

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20. A fortune cookie advises, “love yourself and happiness will follow.” Is this good advice?
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Yes, if that self-love is of the secure type. Secure self-esteem promotes a focus beyond the self and a higher quality of life. Excessive self-love may promote artificially high or defensive self-esteem, which may lead to unhappiness if negative external feedback triggers anger or aggression.

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21. The tendency to overestimate others’ attention to and evaluation of our appearance, performance, and blunders is called the .