Printed Page 124(cont.)

Terms

Match each of the terms on the left with its definition on the right. Click on the term first and then click on the matching definition. As you match them correctly they will move to the bottom of the activity.

5.1 Samples and Their Populations

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random sample (p. 101)
convenience sample (p. 101)
generalizability (p. 102)
replication (p. 102)
volunteer sample (p. 102)
Replication refers to the duplication of scientific results, ideally in a different context or with a sample that has different characteristics.
A volunteer sample, or self-selected sample, is a special kind of convenience sample in which participants actively choose to participate in a study.
Generalizability refers to researchers' ability to apply findings from one sample or in one context to other samples or contexts; also called external validity.
A random sample is one in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected into the study.
A convenience sample is one that uses participants who are readily available.

5.2 Probability

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confirmation bias (p. 105)
illusory correlation (p. 105)
personal probability (p. 107)
probability (p. 107)
expected relative-frequency probability (p. 107)
trial (p. 107)
outcome (p. 107)
success (p. 107)
The expected relative-frequency probability is the likelihood of an event occurring based on the actual outcome of many, many trials.
Illusory correlation is the phenomenon of believing one sees an association between variables when no such association exists.
Personal probability is a person's own judgment about the likelihood that an event will occur; also called subjective probability.
In reference to probability, outcome refers to the result of a trial.
In reference to probability, success refers to the outcome for which we're trying to determine the probability.
Confirmation bias is our usually unintentional tendency to pay attention to evidence that confirms what we already believe and to ignore evidence that would disconfirm our beliefs. Confirmation biases closely follow illusory correlations.
Probability is the likelihood that a particular outcome-out of all possible outcomes-will occur.
In reference to probability, a trial refers to each occasion that a given procedure is carried out.

5.3 Inferential Statistics

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control group (p. 110)
experimental group (p. 110)
null hypothesis (p. 111)
research hypothesis (p. 111)
The null hypothesis is a statement that postulates that there is no difference between populations or that the difference is in a direction opposite of that anticipated by the researcher.
The research hypothesis is a statement that postulates that there is a difference between populations or sometimes, more specifically, that there is a difference in a certain direction, positive or negative; also called an alternative hypothesis.
A control group is a level of the independent variable that does not receive the treatment of interest in a study. It is designed to match an experimental group in all ways but the experimental manipulation itself.
An experimental group is a level of the independent variable that receives the treatment or intervention of interest in an experiment.

5.4 Type I and Type II Errors

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Type I error (p. 113)
Type II error (p. 113)
A Type I error involves rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is correct.
A Type II error involves failing to reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false.