Question 12.1

Question 12.2

Question 12.3

Question 12.4

Question 12.5

Question 12.6

Question 12.7

Question 12.8

Question 12.9

Question 12.10

Question 12.11

Question 12.12

Question 12.13

Question 12.14

Question 12.15

Question 12.16

Question 12.17

Find the error in the statistics language in each of the following statements about z, t, or F distributions or their related tests. Explain why it is incorrect and provide the correct word.

1. tMueti+9I+j2Y6n8dhl1NPYhp+/Jmib3f4I0QPpwkkGuxC6a011q3v1I6IM6eyVRxkmffwm4jgfs2dmIE7NJODunMoZcc93Vevtc0DiuVE8+PmZKTsf48x+1edXKCiGSWui7DA5+aUrGP3tSZ9Lz1w==
2. NkBXv2JqeBI3MH2gvmYhvvLCYbSD7R45XG0LqkIOTHfA77qz+kOsFZnrhkCiKVVjYCvUw1S5S9TlEMWRHJq/p4ClPmoEoggd64ek4ynk7OH52XxcJAA9ofm1ADsaPvQLKufgHufDgI1YouXHQd+eBxHu5wsPtpHG0N8xFg+Of8HjLunY29mBFA==
3. S9AzpQ1jdmDelcpBpRxF3wj2hx060+yPUMcbL9RKpuB957Rm6jBluRbcljTZsBQGSiTiVDVM4k9qNMI2OJOXnaq9U/ac6qWlMUL1vlHB4r8q5NkY0H5UJExI0AQphlyHQTgxwU8L5oo5tJKqvVNNClyBDRbPj2oMmAbf0azQ1mRRVFi3liOlEmLUALIy9mQtP41qrWZdDn4=
4. d+vXrYXzzbQXk9UCCq6JbkwHMJY+M8qd5llcCFz+GmuJhPVpUlWGiyLzX/4e06mxW0ougYU14xi1+3eKrgDclsyoyxN+IoWT4lwt7NwbilEA5CouN91peJF1X0QTRVbkayEi8JjYdQuoon3LFVS0PIatTktEBypPStvVNophe3Fq6yLETPJCULRLLmdFXTQy6v28OTVg0qLpGpB8tbBukgUU+8iK4/e/S6IMUxFUvsUCS7HKiWVt8YyZn0txgxPnrw4g5XPUqGXrGKzMAg5YI3ZH9+A8aCdpS48HoEUyF0VgBDqedagE2O1lYk3izW8/GtWxnmstXk/w5UuV

Question 12.18

Find the incorrectly used symbol or symbols in each of the following statements or formulas. For each statement or formula, (i) state which symbol(s) is/are used incorrectly, (ii) explain why the symbol(s) in the original statement is/are incorrect, and (iii) state what symbol(s) should be used.

1. 9jZ03VF0oNXas9AiMiJ4FfPAF4lKAGOqlOek64rMyvNYb33JrJ+Cql3sxjT4vso/2uZ7KNWQ277DaK/pduGwOQmmq01GnXwyPHXT1PmkqCWFZyZsu66Bqn3Y2KxI4AgSsvVik75znPfqCR64WMD9Hwg+G3G7q5Iky0/4PLAMlNZEDVJSbId5djflxMmg8zVWHb1uuQsFV8ScpLwWB1vq6LQ2b3rcSLVbSe51252g/gxbSkJuzebGMl0ODCE=
2. vLLqAOrZKzjiwAJSAdI5AQ1KYqCCTQGqBomNJRbIeRhwBKog3BBhIevjCFFmAWqUE4SX130rP09B3jGH4y+dUaYz6KM+WM5jTTaUSIAIHDZQu9w6BEblkw==
3. lcxcXfL80v5OhnVi/PeLlHtcbvuNDeoV3ceTtXtdQTeOOUiyBhU+Lzze+lLBMJy/AS0hIDgyddxKzy1tyC32s367x6n1u1Wny9e9ww==
4. FPPEDTKnLaNRHlpqYZ3MHrEGb4t2uhcN2uYkejZ+O/DFfCiVHa8hu2QNb6C+X/P7ZZoV5D+xAE5RFvvJB7dL48KrBjdqNxfGrXWQYr4kO76DZJml1ChOenMapMvffLfIGLL0GsPdQZdw6I0mRuk7dXRfGKuTS+ygtUGcLTyqYI63V8QY/cnoeowLnEHKvfory+OgTUXwsXXfLI1h

Question 12.19

Question 12.20

For the following data, assuming a between-groups design, determine:

1. VLkW2TImDUA73kmyxcPj6BpEdxQAnyj5/WA0zrQxsiM10sLzF8v02CWB6vKqIFlm
2. 6T1slj7M32n0qNlMHg9msHCmX7JRmchLvGiWucXMYkBDAKO/oFN4qvyPkzk=
3. F+ZiZbqDXE3pP8J5POM2qMpEPWpVAplNWpM8vYmOLcCtwaa2u9KOOKhV9to=
4. 1Us0uD30zfRNVV5OcjY0xSlpA0gSgFZCp1CUzGC6S2o6YWMkkrKzG26rhPcOLwtT8uy6uLAR2skC/ksee8MU4iGUpXLBGCmX
5. vt6tJP/reYrc6GcQpmA4tf61jBZmWFutPebTS5kKxDg9Ys4X5XBXHLsL/m5o2sjjD6nKtqpzj1mul7e4
6. wPBQscyTJ/iYVsRoY/y/chrNnCu0EsjKOEWHDbWV1bJnemKsTG80WA==
7. QMOoNFX7uxLZ81Iuh8hQbQvUoIa6Dwou6DS01U3uE0vASuy//iq+G1EAUqWgLrRHNbF6aseKdksXsKTd3ZuBAonV6z1m0ZTsSQZnFcABlYPPvzxWBfWA+ddFq1JPlQp8
8. WX+xZBLAThxybhINfLt6OFSGJoaSNAjyMp4drrKhlFuas6tFRNDV1Swih5cxlDS5HsyTpnYAA2ltFxwT9hS2HoFYbvaIW9waE4AABMu1f6aIiFwJSDWlG4AUsWtF7CYs
9. jXPmUpVeLIxJhyYxzBRhLqq6TPzwYOhOzEuHhBIiZ/7iyERCZsyJyxfHHd+Cu1WRIhOv9GU6VPDE6QYjwAzH60d4zLk=
10. gKwYpUxv8u36kMec4gMtAw2AUoB8NuUUicy/yx2KdBJ3jxznZ9NPsiYaVrg=

Question 12.21

For the following data, assuming a between-groups design, determine:

1. VLkW2TImDUA73kmyxcPj6BpEdxQAnyj5/WA0zrQxsiM10sLzF8v02CWB6vKqIFlm
2. 6T1slj7M32n0qNlMHg9msHCmX7JRmchLvGiWucXMYkBDAKO/oFN4qvyPkzk=
3. F+ZiZbqDXE3pP8J5POM2qMpEPWpVAplNWpM8vYmOLcCtwaa2u9KOOKhV9to=
4. 1Us0uD30zfRNVV5OcjY0xSlpA0gSgFZCp1CUzGC6S2o6YWMkkrKzG26rhPcOLwtT8uy6uLAR2skC/ksee8MU4iGUpXLBGCmX
5. vt6tJP/reYrc6GcQpmA4tf61jBZmWFutPebTS5kKxDg9Ys4X5XBXHLsL/m5o2sjjD6nKtqpzj1mul7e4
6. wPBQscyTJ/iYVsRoY/y/chrNnCu0EsjKOEWHDbWV1bJnemKsTG80WA==
7. QMOoNFX7uxLZ81Iuh8hQbQvUoIa6Dwou6DS01U3uE0vASuy//iq+G1EAUqWgLrRHNbF6aseKdksXsKTd3ZuBAonV6z1m0ZTsSQZnFcABlYPPvzxWBfWA+ddFq1JPlQp8
8. WX+xZBLAThxybhINfLt6OFSGJoaSNAjyMp4drrKhlFuas6tFRNDV1Swih5cxlDS5HsyTpnYAA2ltFxwT9hS2HoFYbvaIW9waE4AABMu1f6aIiFwJSDWlG4AUsWtF7CYs
9. jXPmUpVeLIxJhyYxzBRhLqq6TPzwYOhOzEuHhBIiZ/7iyERCZsyJyxfHHd+Cu1WRIhOv9GU6VPDE6QYjwAzH60d4zLk=
10. I1K6nm8BstG445hyGJ3II13VS08bTpNgbPeRkdpZGJ7yE7JeB4SppBLvUMyyc5YAGhAzjZR1r0sfdJ+SqJjNpA==

Question 12.22

Calculate the F statistic, writing the ratio accurately, for each of the following cases:

1. /EYHmEFF31gTeBB4d+E86khWdoUjVZMQqySRVMp7WTCNOCho/XAxFmWlvDVLTz0DIugtlGQ8dKJ0NlxFJ0m6HOR7nDEuoyyeqVedx/7nUTdSGiIEVUrF4k37k44c5Q0ERD6wZW1TmjtzYvlFuvjzV28+cE64o31Ye3B8hFFSn93t8oh1xfrFXkoPFdPiSVCxwtdJFuzd86hLSyaJK7C3cEv09HnvQyxdeC97zdCqiOU=
2. LSnt7Q9heyBEPnaGsEdpwOolZYBs7irrCItVfmDliVGLhhqnYQkhd3smBiYzzQ7ogCdZzHeasLBH1str6CLCnE3Yk5OJuIl9MXxylyr7vnt0ksubw8U89W8fs9RkcQqCbMC/+b8CAzRL63jVO0tZw8WJMzO4uG4ENHqrnGpu4IkBt2byFmEv7EdYRxecsDgHUUZ9iKODdYwCaAH5iAyWys4c0aSIfpaBB9nNQdzrZIQ=
3. vSuCT6guCfOvpHo3QKKelSrvJaqjM+2DVqMTa5ELXuel9U4X7Oq5S0Z7XEMEGK9V2ZAZhMJRV/5fV8Ww5+0iz0zbi8e+0k2F0hfFI2T1PlH3NfR7hzqM32Elkxp5rMj4C/qm40Uum7zocJ7x7le8MK7j0auo4czlKRW6ZaR1/AJJgSSexTu9fy7bY/tcxw6wRDJ/bSu61guLmdKgvvtyqFzUUNFApxJRbeydfYlhlSc=

Question 12.23

Calculate the F statistic, writing the ratio accurately, for each of the following cases:

1. SRINmJTzO6MlM7xoUI7YjhtpfoGLvctMTi5BXmsjJRrnHap4K1EmwpeIb/t6QVHyON8b+b1QNr11ufeme9mVWXckhjTcNPhKxYLz4rkK48CHXQMD2iSI87JUHcq5PsD2pyKV6iU7tA70JFvO5EKiM8uJeC+pXItfVhS5dY3CqFmD2xsCBleQF6yxZOxjYm2utwry/2xXXtbrWmtjSaBX3/ZSzqlOwUq9XQPD0OOsEGOsHi7L
2. h6tJux8RS3vcTNdqeIyKmydWxVHx59orwNDGdanWzuYuZQzi1MtOi4x96kbGUnEO0tXaNjnmQkD486Mx926azfIHl2FvgwR4/5aBeKyO0iDAkbFG8dQXdRV2Er2bCoqMxHru6dE2KWA2oiWVPlubYLP7DSAxqkk37t4vxFJpHSYEJLJmUpEexDk+ow1NvAzd6/3VIXnjFnUYeffyK9fgFkaaUbWKVJjJJgnAlXiFqqs=
3. z3K4aKkj+oXbA6OSxbcYqwQhLEnV5sXle/+212dgfBHEVLF77dC6OlXw5Z5h+rwJYpNT7s2HEfDow1+g24YzmwZ7XTxLswHxsJLu1iTFgRZ6yajPmZEUJHaP/EOyKtOVtuIsN9D+g0N4hqtw4rfLPbuxelj5T9ron4vGeaLf6WW+s5B7Ewmas8qFrXprd6/C9fds6GuaAeFkGfHw89I9LZnpS9ji3Spso8C0QD4DGiM4++Pg

Question 12.24

Question 12.25

Question 12.26

Each of the following is a calculated F statistic with its degrees of freedom. Using the F table, estimate the level of significance for each. You can do this by indicating whether its likelihood of occurring is greater than or less than a p level shown on the table.

1. jpew7F1MmZdd7y12wjz+gjsjPTUcclFy8jLWOoWlrwECZjKD9GSf1ACqbN5kyZmqdh3AnLFicPzZV3WiNCxYCNeSTISUUSaGgqkx6ZBXCbTQZI3SbreE3dVn4Es6k1SnVuPpUeY4HwOv6kuQ
2. OccWorUzbsG0c0VU6dqp4AbE2bbXzf8uwXstyx3lbX0oFMN39DAbEFD75pl7+owUf8HK7rJXBPNtMQyvYgeUClvBVbSKIOb+EKCkT48j7PL4U10oaBwn8E6vjioVJ3kxgiAy04AHYzMarghg
3. Ml6PGVRT6Cu/U8dG2Ktm/FdYiJftq/tP4LN3171m6bpw5MXMH4QvCVn6X7Avhm+5fIsyFZaPips+pOWKi2XqN+m+c//qcQtESZ3QWxFwdI43VoB21fKSoaAZ7Ph7tljakA5+SyvYy4lD8cws

Question 12.27

Question 12.28

Question 12.29

Question 12.30

Consider the abbreviated version of the study by Irwin and colleagues (2004) that we analyzed in How It Works 12.1. Assume we decide to do Bonferroni post hoc comparisons rather than use Tukey’s HSD.

1. 7ooyFPIVXgoBtXOjnJ9KIOQ79sRxQ4AjotuvTbn9/3u1v08i8yDkJ8hhdhw5QqucS66u7MOjpjpVSBP9ql60MUUj+JTxnnHnL+geCJhiJ/5kpmT4skXGIZQoQNn+j4O8fpy2oxRGALMM6Bs2UrkJbhT/Bfg9s80waDOAST0Puw65yH9nYboJv2n8/Dtef86pvoIDaZsCk7Y=
2. QZjAirLa6IfyMnfRKphzKoq0h0Ta/gJnyFUdkxiR0/7lTevJoIjWG6+uivofezCz5pATRCjGZ9Ud2qg8Md46sqRdpZ8B/Mn2ohlAbcSCG6Yv1rir2hxjt3urzxR8fSZlZfzGiNHUYslSKekS09ZGMGVDGwspxhJeEq75lyx/+OW0B0MHfI/hrweJfxkrzSksglbyygB6ekg=
3. 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

Question 12.31

Comedy versus news and hypothesis testing: Focusing on coverage of the 2004 U.S. presidential election, Julia R. Fox, a telecommunications professor at Indiana University, wondered whether The Daily Show, despite its comedy format, was a valid source of news. She coded a number of half-hour episodes of The Daily Show as well as a number of half-hour episodes of the network news (Indiana University Media Relations, 2006). Fox reported that the average amounts of “video and audio substance” were not statistically significantly different between the two types of shows. Her analyses are described as “second by second,” so, for this exercise, assume that all outcome variables are measures of time.

1. 6S4SZEorB6PgRkEocHRiYBD7tux1iHHMJiG/QKO4QPHF61oEHp87PRr7+cYmqgNRBBiI579ETZhttpPST3DfqKFXjDD7YSJmVxk/vFS9Aq0sdwNFOL6l+roQDB/QQlWK6NYgOuysAqCIbb4OkoEMemLccG60eUNWyxynsmEa2LJAf3MUHnPE4A==
2. +sW8oo7TgfHUQ1XMKpFBTYAhkGRc3lprNQQcDR8KgyZZ+J8lOkdWrzd3SqSwlxuJ9YlvhV53sz3B+JPBDwMt/bsD7DuM+ow/2WI4o8W5n1wtx0KzttH+cA==
3. 5mEh58uEOSTf2xbq/NILKZXznQriHLNdz9+/VyYTq9KpN0uAsdPgt7IT82ceQCP0f8jFKbaqUZdX6ltKHpSrMtGoLT+SFQiFEkRt5qJKE77u/+IQhLkr/24EACVI+/DxLNOym9ArKpUntbmuaXulU7B55MCOB357ErrVRfBANzEBzcHrUxv/0Oc5ulIg6eDPA0CA1bHgOZDWvA26unE6Dkbrmhz/YKT8vbdVdRXLKSekwaokO6ui0J7s37vix8ZNGUYvIsKVhK4ZQtGx1r2L5ZJN3c2T8sFZfLqhrM0grAEKNwKk6x5T/fXRFlzea7lKnT0KEPA5Hbprlek/d7mwPqSWFws=

Question 12.32

The comparison distribution: For each of the following situations, state whether the distribution of interest is a z distribution, a t distribution, or an F distribution. Explain your answer.

1. v5WxWOh3/qAutysKqnhyl3PHBNd1VdRg9VUAJv+27WwzEc3ABhQ0gpdOYogumUXCGvjyJiNVxbmGLT+RKuqC254x9Y54i/1S3RSfVr1wetlarCYZbPHUGEe2K+5ji9cvI6GvH/ZwGsTGG9b8pN2l4XLHYImt/wT9XcfVzc3oSWAe3sd0XtsNlYbYgR2EwfAGyPHSJQB7Ml4dRfPmsU8ftC32CCFaJf+koDsmKEEQbSt1U1m66izd2CuGAcHMlghx43v4v9YaIO4sDb/zzPPCuvgq/xDW1MOiXAjS86osqAn5lGOmn64HeNTM8B0onIU3zgGt/8Isn8pSsRY6Pl5jboWXlYl6hUflo3xK2A6nJ4/u2/qyP0ZhejiNKISD0OoNpXrmmVcq8NATPdroa3hVAFUdNtoTOk7NHLafIw==
2. VhRJPNKvDF+oI8NZH4WcfrBKzYXGPR0s8mz9nFbu0YdiEbUS6eGauyXxXhLKj4cSnvp48Ek1C/aev5FPKvcXGYW/hchlW6FWCi6HZ5S85DcoR+2Vsj4KsVAfWzuDlp3f8/VTBHk79/o0NGMDTqGbbVizInXj/5noAk0n4SUnHV30lhnfU+Ru1velPUSP2hv3m9mkI1vA+sCtxRbeaoylkCtZ1FxLSUV3hzHEy2A3pnn10h8Y0rNXviF3GzNhd3ivI1iM0eY8mvKF70lUAF/OIWG2QHpUhzj34TslIO21C1gT95HziNOEdOMPgdPtKrUXFPNnybhstM0=
3. xiST2Ia//lhEncy85BxEbJfzjV3olED/it0TKxvKhSnr0E9pBWXsYWrTBbsxAHD2lsQnuAbN+MHbVe9CN+bXo24Xwfwjkd6VkgqSdoEsrfZu7d/aKuftt9zh6I4+VmybtFHtBE+jeEGdpiJlfHwWlDuAqFM4CR+MaF8UGpn5PtT7mm8MqeJ0nTkHw55A+rrpI9uEo+mV6SahFWzNdBJ8sxRAyqJ88/ldldpV7UNNKPnAyIVk5EtYrTh8z4Q35S5xV7nZfDT+twNMcx36iIO78xRguH3rfL1/+Hp90n+WJcu0I946WE1Bg10UbziVdj58ZM8zfa7vKe2+hU/C+/N4H2AR6TUn53Y5FjpOvOCewVz1gb0vujvNr/y++HwpOt6v8KEKhB7flHrSvP+txKKRkEWGaVhQXbBDPHBLR5HkzfEyYrFmzf3bWg==

Question 12.33

The comparison distribution: For each of the following situations, state whether the distribution of interest is a z distribution, a t distribution, or an F distribution. Explain your answer.

1. /j7YdT9FymW5A91LCpYSP6mURElO1tGVpGDV6L/RyQY/8g4TDt25+fW8HXJ9/DP9wt/Te2DIcTuSx9tHbdnPRR/MvETBBRkzqxQMg/eN+/NHRluU6zWtSAV82ZrZkNfG3usG8AJdGQUGRi6aIgdHwoSmOW+CdSDNMHln1fXztM5wfjOcPtAPvJw7yQbrefEkJ80/jL7RMh270N8gSRudjxjQnVKxYdlU3OC4w041FoLKorN+ZgkYQxu5rVFfBedtL65RH3jGbByzjtZSuKMD4jrVa97ZosQPPnIeqcyAW9EU/qToVUY7O4pCg8fP28I1rKZ4t4zuL1MoP893+JUBwYb4Oqhc7Fg7ThrQrdgoWrBXBcph
2. 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Question 12.34

Links among distributions: The z, t, and F distributions are closely linked. In fact, it is possible to use an F distribution in all cases in which a t or a z could be used.

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Question 12.35

International students and type of ANOVA: Catherine Ruby (2006), a doctoral student at New York University, conducted an online survey to ascertain the reasons that international students chose to attend graduate school in the United States. One of several dependent variables that she considered was reputation; students were asked to rate the importance in their decision of factors such as the reputation of the institution, the institution and program’s academic accreditations, and the reputation of the faculty. Students rated factors on a 1–5 scale, and then all reputation ratings were averaged to form a summary score for each respondent. For each of the following scenarios, state the independent variable with its levels (the dependent variable is reputation in all cases). Then state what kind of an ANOVA she would use.

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Question 12.36

Type of ANOVA in study of remembering names: Do people remember names better under different circumstances? In a fictional study, a cognitive psychologist studied memory for names after a group activity that lasted 20 minutes. Participants were not told that this was a study of memory. After the group activity, participants were asked to name the other group members. The researcher randomly assigned 120 participants to one of three conditions: (1) group members introduced themselves once (one introduction only), (2) group members were introduced by the experimenter and by themselves (two introductions), and (3) group members were introduced by the experimenter and themselves and also wore name tags throughout the group activity (two introductions and name tags).

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2. PPh/QAuX7elnvdcJFVWiKdcFfqzjciXTjlYp7rIReoTczbgXHnJnAfS4j42tDZHp39gFTKS4QIKvfemQCr0LN49eTjxAZ8fTnPI76qLdFAYi8fT/kC2J3EOxmbrwSkZfWZO0NmCt0QvJoiOuPYd410+mEGjGwREgzTJOjL8yw8byGvSqKbj7PQ89bggiSAZAUsKwfwJazdFhRkVY9wyRCHQ0AAp/RY238bnP8Ju8QJWERgqRd8uyT5nkKMobhbdJDtlwd1N/BxoWF0TzoRJwtPIdHuyzHkZ8ncQxeI7q/Hqd9boiYBpdhlhFgNccQ820

Question 12.37

Political party and ANOVA: Researchers asked 180 U.S. students to identify their political viewpoint as most similar to that of the Republicans, most similar to that of the Democrats, or neither. All three groups then completed a religiosity scale. The researchers wondered whether political orientation affected levels of religiosity, a measure that assesses how religious one is, regardless of the specific religion with which a person identifies.

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Question 12.38

Exercise and the Tukey HSD test: In How It Works 12.1, we conducted a one-way between-groups ANOVA on an abbreviated data set from research by Irwin and colleagues (2004) on adherence to an exercise regimen. Participants were asked to attend a monthly group education program to help them change their exercise behavior. Attendance was taken and participants were divided into three categories: those who attended fewer than 5 sessions, those who attended between 5 and 8 sessions, and those who attended between 9 and 12 sessions. The dependent variable was number of minutes of exercise per week. Here are the data once again:

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Question 12.39

Grade point average and comparing the t and F distributions: Based on your knowledge of the relation of the t and F distributions, complete the accompanying software output tables. The table for the independent-samples t test and the table for the one-way between-groups ANOVA were calculated using the identical fictional data comparing grade point averages (GPAs).

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Question 12.40

Consideration of Future Consequences and two kinds of hypothesis testing: Two samples of students, one comprised of social science majors and one comprised of students with other majors, completed the Consideration of Future Consequences scale (CFC). The accompanying tables include the output from software for an independent-samples t test and a one-way between-groups ANOVA on these data.

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Question 12.41

Instructors on Facebook and one-way ANOVA: Researchers investigated whether the amount of self-disclosure on Facebook affected student perceptions of the instructor, the class, and the classroom environment (Mazer, Murphy, & Simonds, 2007). Students were randomly assigned to view one of three Facebook pages of an instructor. The pages were identical except that one instructor had high self-disclosure, one had medium self-disclosure, and one had low self-disclosure. Self-disclosure was “manipulated in photographs, biological information, and posts on ‘The Wall’” (p. 6). The researchers reported that “Participants who accessed the Facebook website of a teacher high in self-disclosure anticipated higher levels of motivation and affective learning and a more positive classroom climate” (p. 1).

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Question 12.42

Question 12.43

Post hoc tests, bilingualism, and language skills: Researchers Raluca Barac and Ellen Bialystok (2012) conducted a study in which they compared the language skills of 104 six-year-old children who were in one of four groups. Some children spoke only English. Others were bilingual, speaking English along with Chinese, French, or Spanish. The children completed the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) as a measure of their vocabulary. An excerpt from the results section of the published journal article follows: “A one-way ANOVA on PPVT scores showed a main effect of language group, F(3, 100) = 8.27, p < .0001. Post hoc Bonferroni contrasts indicated that the monolingual children and the Spanish-English bilingual children outperformed the other two bilingual groups who did not differ from each other.”

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Question 12.44

Romantic love and post hoc tests: Researchers who conducted a study of brain activation and romantic love divided their analyses into two groups (Aron et al., 2005). Some analyses—those for which they had developed specific hypotheses prior to data collection—used a p level of 0.05. The rest of the analyses used a p level of 0.001.

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Question 12.45

Trust in leadership and one-way between-groups ANOVA: In Chapter 11, we introduced a study by Steele and Pinto (2006) that examined whether people’s level of trust in their direct supervisor was related to their level of agreement with a policy supported by that leader. Steele and Pinto found that the extent to which subordinates agreed with their supervisor was related to trust and showed no relation to gender, age, time on the job, or length of time working with the supervisor. Let’s assume we used a scale that sorted employees into three groups: low trust, moderate trust, and high trust in supervisors. We have presented fictional data regarding level of agreement with a leader’s decision for these three groups. The scores presented are the level of agreement with a decision made by a leader, from 1, the least agreement, to 40, the highest level of agreement. Note: These fictional data are different from those presented in Chapter 10.

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Question 12.46

Orthodontics and one-way between-groups ANOVA: Iranian researchers studied factors affecting patients’ likelihood of wearing orthodontic appliances, noting that orthodontics is perhaps the area of health care with the highest need for patient cooperation (Behenam & Pooya, 2007). Among their analyses, they compared students in primary school, junior high school, and high school. The data that follow have almost exactly the same means as they found in their study, but with far smaller samples. The score for each student is his or her daily hours of wearing the orthodontic appliance.

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