Chapter 13 Exercises

Clarifying the Concepts

Question 13.1

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Question 13.2

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Question 13.3

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Question 13.4

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Question 13.5

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Question 13.6

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Question 13.7

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Question 13.8

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Question 13.9

DdvJxh6hC5eUF5EYE5b9gflJ4tneBO1nVzlK+xWWWfcUZKWX8CE7TJfGotmqRBbl2/hx9NULVIhY4NZnJ82ZclAvuSkgQ7yUCNsxzjL7miu15GYqLwPbBV48FHtBNynuNXRQvMkXy0kun3JOL+b4i+4MCI9dOAEuq4pCcmKv9Tgzo1b2z5CUACOfbLg04hoS4DonyTSQ1gPMTIi7zQEo2YGhe47QlPetU2I1RcnXeJ3qD0DM

Question 13.10

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Question 13.11

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Question 13.12

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Calculating the Statistics

Question 13.13

For the following data, assuming a within-groups design, determine:

Person
1 2 3 4
Level 1 of the independent variable   7 16   3   9
Level 2 of the independent variables 15 18 18 13
Level 3 of the independent variable 22 28 26 29
  1. ftOEExKAzloTdXc0ZowvQqRJd8lhDdNwX8nN329WiFy4p5glFKtHsQCNbX08/suZZPfyCkIpYdEQvZGQu2iueGnPJfiX0oqiVj8FxzCwViTUshv3
  2. b6C1jscH+trzg8AahemI2ihcvtnIovMZgyH5pjfp5TXuyK/1SjuHD34oV0C7pw6tR8+QImL4RfXafhANK/eYbARBo+c=
  3. uRLgHbRrNApFX7pocRTmzULwIoqPaV0FnNy/GglaQhvrFUrilLmQ/IWn9RxdhU49E+kYlJmCX6p2WC1FEgPVpiDtIxW0kyIxKBxC+SCEKNkV0eZEAtGzD3pVSL05EutnEsLTkcshRir20wVgRmt/AA==
  4. bNAdDtJlpgtl7Yvng108U0t64aJbryPaW05+3Xh2YFWzb2JvG4dwb4+QbYA572Qb6lshUXAHtiWHqVbc0ux9dgCv67LKBhjrvOySGdcDDnAMRkM2zhUvZA+OoSsjbdtdD931LrC2yDjeGa7RT+Q6uhLwl7VHyNjb3PGNRq8gD/Uh7hFizIMk2O5FpV0CCgi/20ghOs+9cbufIc10VRFq8YbxdconKz9akgrRr0jFVFwQAT/3Qn2JWiK2RyEjHhVd7K8G8h3LnwqX2zEQbMw9xQ==
  5. 2dZ2m75XCNQJpo4Pyyvnpoh8rAqD2VKX1oj+PCC9/WKmePTmRRT1cNp05Au6r9W5vbEgs7P72jJyTyVjLeeExXaiRGkGABObPi8EhK7b+NelCi35ED2Kpw==
  6. HwHh1ty9ndDCeDRBSMoS1ugMHsPaRZ/f46qwVKu4Gfh/C4nSHUjFDMY2NDLB8tB0tODgpiqDNdV/ZBq6dMYp5180bYXmdrOD8zo2Xx9pZ2l+FfwQ6vyJjOBcE8k=
  7. ni0ekXfGzYHhzJO9KQbkRBgAJrEWoCdGj6MQX1R0DNQmNrrUtiD+nU0uRc8O43l4YPWjKWqQLEzUauI/4fmLsBD3chb6GhJWEQwkH+P5VUxIDddPnpMOxtZAnpYb7b9pNv2kWSvt3/4QBqSsNQl+jSxIJ3w=
  8. XBOcublMF7+Nn1icM/kYhRj/nzc5liRQE34wBd+gQXdDA42Dlrg/4VsT4RPYBLV7lfRppXpIkBvLb7g13AHOGLDrldFFEdr6DtDM5jxOHz8r4tt2b0kNl+Tl/AO1YGpzZP5aryWw9L1scYcVdlW5kslheySSbx0wHus8dPLIYXnYV/UtO05e5qgm92k8Djvs
  9. jXPmUpVeLIxJhyYxzBRhLqq6TPzwYOhOzEuHhBIiZ/7iyERCZsyJyxfHHd+Cu1WRIhOv9GU6VPDE6QYjwAzH60d4zLk=
  10. 7EEd0BkYGRPkBmxOl9pWeIEJNBfCwDFE2nrXn7QrAa0=
  11. 8cK7o2CGofBEBQ3Y9l9gZaMOvUlaj+KFZtfPe2Vxty//XFqesfJgEl72GCevpV0whiHvKpRYjBZFu9BFCHqFA4h+EYBqWXfNbA2zUB21XDaH02MBQgYv0/cbfF935rPj

Question 13.14

For the following data, assuming a within-groups design, determine:

Person
1 2 3 4 5 6
Level 1 5 6 3 4 2 5
Level 2 6 8 4 7 3 7
Level 3 4 5 2 4 0 4
  1. ftOEExKAzloTdXc0ZowvQqRJd8lhDdNwX8nN329WiFy4p5glFKtHsQCNbX08/suZZPfyCkIpYdEQvZGQu2iueGnPJfiX0oqiVj8FxzCwViTUshv3
  2. b6C1jscH+trzg8AahemI2ihcvtnIovMZgyH5pjfp5TXuyK/1SjuHD34oV0C7pw6tR8+QImL4RfXafhANK/eYbARBo+c=
  3. uRLgHbRrNApFX7pocRTmzULwIoqPaV0FnNy/GglaQhvrFUrilLmQ/IWn9RxdhU49E+kYlJmCX6p2WC1FEgPVpiDtIxW0kyIxKBxC+SCEKNkV0eZEAtGzD3pVSL05EutnEsLTkcshRir20wVgRmt/AA==
  4. bNAdDtJlpgtl7Yvng108U0t64aJbryPaW05+3Xh2YFWzb2JvG4dwb4+QbYA572Qb6lshUXAHtiWHqVbc0ux9dgCv67LKBhjrvOySGdcDDnAMRkM2zhUvZA+OoSsjbdtdD931LrC2yDjeGa7RT+Q6uhLwl7VHyNjb3PGNRq8gD/Uh7hFizIMk2O5FpV0CCgi/20ghOs+9cbufIc10VRFq8YbxdconKz9akgrRr0jFVFwQAT/3Qn2JWiK2RyEjHhVd7K8G8h3LnwqX2zEQbMw9xQ==
  5. 2dZ2m75XCNQJpo4Pyyvnpoh8rAqD2VKX1oj+PCC9/WKmePTmRRT1cNp05Au6r9W5vbEgs7P72jJyTyVjLeeExXaiRGkGABObPi8EhK7b+NelCi35ED2Kpw==
  6. HwHh1ty9ndDCeDRBSMoS1ugMHsPaRZ/f46qwVKu4Gfh/C4nSHUjFDMY2NDLB8tB0tODgpiqDNdV/ZBq6dMYp5180bYXmdrOD8zo2Xx9pZ2l+FfwQ6vyJjOBcE8k=
  7. ni0ekXfGzYHhzJO9KQbkRBgAJrEWoCdGj6MQX1R0DNQmNrrUtiD+nU0uRc8O43l4YPWjKWqQLEzUauI/4fmLsBD3chb6GhJWEQwkH+P5VUxIDddPnpMOxtZAnpYb7b9pNv2kWSvt3/4QBqSsNQl+jSxIJ3w=
  8. XBOcublMF7+Nn1icM/kYhRj/nzc5liRQE34wBd+gQXdDA42Dlrg/4VsT4RPYBLV7lfRppXpIkBvLb7g13AHOGLDrldFFEdr6DtDM5jxOHz8r4tt2b0kNl+Tl/AO1YGpzZP5aryWw9L1scYcVdlW5kslheySSbx0wHus8dPLIYXnYV/UtO05e5qgm92k8Djvs
  9. jXPmUpVeLIxJhyYxzBRhLqq6TPzwYOhOzEuHhBIiZ/7iyERCZsyJyxfHHd+Cu1WRIhOv9GU6VPDE6QYjwAzH60d4zLk=
  10. Y+z+olbS/KKpZYpOQckW7vgmWHBOlZ2dqtJ0fx1lNwxrrAVNQ7X+UOJ/yLjR8yPsr6mdYftEKgg2PbuciVP3Dz3A/Jwb/NV/k5VTZDNngXUMSqaEQRc9KKd9A/A=
  11. 8oI357eHSQP5XyJ1+NG2GVHS1kFSu1EPqEM/ZjrOUn8JKZY/SVQnIzMixbgDt+lBU+khmKAbetDcpuSQzv45rtmCM1IGPJ6SONPPF6NVj3zkHoUTptg3ZBySLNFRDyo826tldA==
  12. 5tJHoVII2HXSytFjLjOL9PQWNZ9n0316qFK7lCEJ7sZmS6oHwS9W4VJagmZQI1XYPDPxxLUDYhMYVsSqChTGJ0z1xYIDpSbhv28KgL8/zrRP0WpUlVapDR8XhdRFfJPxh/7opg==
  13. 7EEd0BkYGRPkBmxOl9pWeIEJNBfCwDFE2nrXn7QrAa0=

Question 13.15

For the following incomplete source table below for a one-way within-groups ANOVA:

Source SS df MS F
Between 941.102 2 — —
Subjects 3807.322 — — —
Within — 20 —
Total 5674.502 —
  1. 5cnmKeJvQHhfAMPtbCA5SWK6nVdu2g4bau4fum/TuWOLYpLgs7EOJQjwMUSvkpFDCAWG8Q==
  2. 2WzInZa3nhKgPMswnc/8Imz9JdraUoQ6gJDoaCFkrFv4czXes9MDvYSBJgSDAvFn196nNQ==

Question 13.16

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Source SS df MS F
Between 60 — — —
Subjects — — — —
Within 50 — —
Total 136 —

Applying the Concepts

Question 13.17

Fear of dogs and one-way within-groups ANOVA: Imagine a researcher wanted to assess people’s fear of dogs as a function of the size of the dog. He assessed fear among people who indicated they were afraid of dogs, using a 30-point scale from 0 (no fear) to 30 (extreme fear). The researcher exposed each participant to three different dogs, a small dog weighing 20 pounds, a medium-sized dog weighing 55 pounds, and a large dog weighing 110 pounds, and assessed the fear level after each exposure. Here are some hypothetical data; note that these are the data from Exercise 13.13, on which you have already calculated numerous statistics:

Person
1 2 3 4
Small dog   7 16   3   9
Medium dog 15 18 18 13
Large dog 22 28 26 29
  1. 1zbdratGj6dNe2NbdizysQqKGYKcx6M16Ittj9cmSaGDHZ7f0DYK0ka14snGLqpggZzIyEdXR1Y=
  2. GL4RNiHQ2qe/o9IKLuRryR+q7MqQPLqv4JdFoXeCO0xE3ZIshYLq2wejSTHBXkVo2R0NJkhjpJZePeZTvouez59PuKwIlxvrLU81AEJ0LURdIo5S9C5W694w0GHy+6u7bEO15Q==
  3. 53VOApUnBM+sQob4Xe81kUpraYV1ly8t7lTagscHFGJmFSlZN8dTIRZs6OOwhzCyeoQil2k1a2ogHp9ncZlCmPkjwlffWdn7UjU1/dpRcCTbmfTo5KSKcfNfGsxb943G8aTssp3VSw7NFuZprKgDis896mvABsXJAoezUZ3xx3ceN5rI6XnzYiedJRLP/zKtSDHpig+RaMdwk1WiZaGYapiehjY=
  4. +TyLM2C8uzsM6nTvutCA9k5kFpgGx+m67VJaf2lXcBGeD2SfHfKDlLnbefYhz4Jyf7c7uuhm7ct/K6IUZopW2JTzeYoxMJUwPa1Gy4j4jsZwujSw8LKjYPTOWi/WTysqL/on5CL/G6KgYVdvxGH8UVAuFqrGPfjzaj9ic+RMT54zpmsxDOVPFNOyrV9KAnUACncmb0rGwtQrDH2f0rQ3b9ssUxZW2+FGspaFxc7f237jWdhHwcqkF+onwKw=

Question 13.18

Chewing-gum commercials and one-way within-groups ANOVA: Commercials for chewing gum make claims about how long the flavor will last. In fact, some commercials claim that the flavor lasts too long, affecting sales and profit. Let’s put these claims to a test. Imagine a student decides to compare four different gums using five participants. Each randomly selected participant was asked to chew a different piece of gum each day for 4 days, such that at the end of the 4 days, each participant had chewed all four types of gum. The order of the gums was randomly determined for each participant. After 2 hours of chewing, participants recorded the intensity of flavor from 1 (not intense) to 9 (very intense). Here are some hypothetical data:

Person
1 2 3 4 5
Gum 1 4 6 3 4 4
Gum 2 8 6 9 9 8
Gum 3 5 6 7 4 5
Gum 4 2 2 3 2 1

345

  1. HjSVoaxTEq2S5tZlTtaj2+LrIvPovj+Th8DOYV6SsBwvJP4ZT0BYLlVOO+mp15SkIV3B0kvLDGySpFWms2tS1Q==
  2. axmj4v4yrXc1gToeiFT5BDksP0SsArJllur4y6sGVK+3B/l6lVOBlOUksQ53lpEmPvLFYVMY5cW5Fl/9q3TeEdcq+0LDPR+e

Question 13.19

Pessimism and one-way within-groups ANOVA: Researchers Busseri, Choma, and Sadava (2009) asked a sample of individuals who scored as pessimists on a measure of life orientation about past, present, and projected future satisfaction with their lives. Higher scores on the life-satisfaction measure indicate higher satisfaction. The data below reproduce the pattern of means that the researchers observed in self-reported life satisfaction of the sample of pessimists for the three time points. Do pessimists predict a gloomy future for themselves?

Person
1 2 3 4 5
Past 18 17.5 19 16 20
Present 18.5 19.5 20 17 18
Future 22 24 20 23.5 21
  1. 6aUUq532Lrcrqu/tUlDhndNPFh0OfyIIXk6X0qrlUS8GH1I7sLpJOEIqv3CZPAnoFB1EBQMkWyy6qxLmpNYp3fjFeECnplDhg8HS/vZUbHuAS4KvTc8sW9N3y+Sf6KNTDBgDCt6OuggNHKGHJcozLbRvuCh5pua1GMJ54BqjgzvDTsWJ1h2cS34RiOEwCG97l6O+zw==
  2. QvKxgD8xrAVVweU9YUtXun+ldU8Di+k4o0SJ9CKK1vSPIy9VF4ZjiDjKFSbptbP4/cctfEScsYWO8oHTWMJZ0ZutSkuv8SuUSpYr2cBXl3B9R0HswSyUL+eJpOGzbSZvWG5fTc4oshmHtgXDyKuiMcG+oQD/BtzjR0xWrvOddm4B16MlQ69IuJuaIZ0vLsEtmba5vEtGPZ1aZOV40se2iWCteZ9Bv1WwRJqNI1ARSpVK8dtbEd2bmKH75lsXlnpuSm5JuGbi5dm1NPfapAkQNFiGd1e6JYoTpwOGXKlIMsY=
  3. w6uNLJ/q92sEtolZ5+JQbxA8m17RbflAtJGJi2rpXFHHVNC9yQD2/FYsBL0i3CmsqjUElFJF2H5Yfxa4mcvsbN6i9Q/hfAQI30uxexracYglskgCRomT/b98rvs=

Question 13.20

Pessimism and one-way within-groups ANOVA: Exercise 13.19 describes a study conducted by Busseri and colleagues (2009) using a group of pessimists. These researchers asked the same question of a group of optimists: Optimists rated their past, present, and projected future satisfaction with their lives. Higher scores on the life-satisfaction measure indicate higher satisfaction. The data below reproduce the pattern of means that the researchers observed in self-reported life satisfaction of the sample of optimists for the three time points. Do optimists see a rosy future ahead?

Person
1 2 3 4 5
Past 22 23 25 24 26
Present 25 26 27 28 29
Future 24 27 26 28 29
  1. 6aUUq532Lrcrqu/tUlDhndNPFh0OfyIIXk6X0qrlUS8GH1I7sLpJOEIqv3CZPAnoFB1EBQMkWyy6qxLmpNYp3fjFeECnplDhg8HS/vZUbHuAS4KvTc8sW9N3y+Sf6KNTDBgDCt6OuggNHKGHJcozLbRvuCh5pua1GMJ54BqjgzvDTsWJ1h2cS34RiOEwCG97l6O+zw==
  2. QvKxgD8xrAVVweU9YUtXun+ldU8Di+k4o0SJ9CKK1vSPIy9VF4ZjiDjKFSbptbP4/cctfEScsYWO8oHTWMJZ0ZutSkuv8SuUSpYr2cBXl3B9R0HswSyUL+eJpOGzbSZvWG5fTc4oshmHtgXDyKuiMcG+oQD/BtzjR0xWrvOddm4B16MlQ69IuJuaIZ0vLsEtmba5vEtGPZ1aZOV40se2iWCteZ9Bv1WwRJqNI1ARSpVK8dtbEd2bmKH75lsXlnpuSm5JuGbi5dm1NPfapAkQNFiGd1e6JYoTpwOGXKlIMsY=
  3. w6uNLJ/q92sEtolZ5+JQbxA8m17RbflAtJGJi2rpXFHHVNC9yQD2/FYsBL0i3CmsqjUElFJF2H5Yfxa4mcvsbN6i9Q/hfAQI30uxexracYglskgCRomT/b98rvs=

Question 13.21

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
Dog Participant Owner Cat Other Dog
1 69 28 45
2 72 32 43
3 65 30 47
4 75 29 45
5 70 31 44

Question 13.22

Memory, post hoc tests, and effect size: Luo, Hendriks, and Craik (2007) were interested in whether people might better remember lists of words if the lists were paired with either pictures or sound effects. They asked participants to memorize lists of words under three different learning conditions. In the first condition, participants just saw a list of nouns that they were to remember (word-alone condition). In the second condition, the words were also accompanied by a picture of the object (picture condition). In the third condition, the words were accompanied by a sound effect matching the object (sound effect condition). The researchers measured the proportion of words participants got correct in a later recognition test. Fictional data from four participants produce results similar to those of the original study. The average proportion of words recognized was M = 0.54 in the word-alone condition, M = 0.69 in the picture condition, and M = 0.838 in the sound effect condition. The source table below depicts the results of the ANOVA on the data from the four fictional participants.

Source SS df MS F
Between 0.177   2 0.089 8.900
Subjects 0.002   3 0.001 0.100
Within 0.059   6 0.010
Total 0.238 11
  1. pFPFOnHhmM9CERG1126dgyIe9BfCOcnmBtkhr+JiNmdyepmSp2GjPdb0yBeeGfUpy+Zcq+nOkXc6EyZUpI9E1PZ7cMYr9EJnO2Is8RIEK5QKOcL3yRE1Lf63di257n0K
  2. G7z+dclO4rhBFV0+oO5Ft3kPK2SVRLZGTmHq35Ld9wOWZH2TCyMpE2pP7NCdVwBbA4itY0AK9nEwBK6KDyFCQ8fCYes9x1Nc992UziwBp8OUNi4S7htOrBQvsQ9YVh8aPTVUveBhJ8x9RUA9QQ8+45JC/dESVXtnZycU1V369/2iFwl160YqYEjFJ+USqRAZxIsoo5yQM4DBZ6N2KV+LpZzF+6IuYyEc246IrXoUYjxFKr3AYN0XU0i7cEGf/7bQ00fP28oXhEmw/ObkVRbO6XwzVyiN55sYmlhH8gH5iZSQqi+uAYdZc2gUE3GL2T6PlK/fS9pBlUrGx1muXKO1IsFIXezvL+UBymUQa0egupA=

346

Question 13.23

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
Source SS df MS F
Between   58.133   2 29.067 0.066
Subjects 642.267   4 160.567 0.364
Within 532.533   8 441.567
Total 4232.933 14

Question 13.24

Pilots’ mental efforts and a one-way within-groups ANOVA: Researchers examined the amount of mental effort that participants felt they were expending on a cognitively complex task, piloting an unmanned air vehicle (UAV) (Ayaz, Shewokis, Bunce, Izzetoglu, Willems, & Onaral, 2012). The researchers used the Task Load Index (TLX), a measure that assesses participants’ perception of their mental effort following a series of approach and landing tasks in simulated UAV tasks. They wondered whether expertise would have an effect on perceptions of mental effort. In the results section, the researchers reported the results of their analyses, a series of one-way repeated-measures ANOVA. “The results indicated a significant main effect of practice level (beginner/intermediate/advanced conditions) for mental demand (F (2,8) = 17.87, p < 0.01, η2 = 0.817), effort (F (2,8) = 16.32, p < 0.01, η2 = 0.803), and frustration (F (2,8) = 8.60, p < 0.01, η2 = 0.682).” They went on to explain that mental demand, effort, and frustration all tended to decrease with expertise.

  1. JNyPWFiHQwOQH2A/TiI1K922W/4Vcc2e1KP0FPRQRztxN39lnEK2d1/I2M2C83aQSZof5S2PS0WYQQNQ8gtOfw==
  2. N6zYciD+a1crFgwr2W1V4Tqz6S4Kc5pTADsMbo0I/vYdMDYtYMmKxDAGwVTTYM84QfgdZ9yqYiFlYiGpt5rTtQ==
  3. jM5U6UEZ2+Q3xzodSbMdtWrlQuX/WE/yX/GSqBRQn7YqtuN01d893uXfliujoy+2H7LPeukMlNYr8qx6xs5JYXnHpORrQCb0XwMGCqAZ6zT2zwdwGQYveFrV2o19Gl4j1CVJxhkyWP1vAz4Qr/5CtqixqiELErR6Eh8PXmjSNIFTb8vHK1pUI/mZ7nTuIfQuITpuw0xLt+FTBYYkjglFLWYWl4oHeVbIA68/QeSqOdCfZ2QWHT6L/ETrINKo2sNtAkHU/efmyMFYXZtc
  4. qDtDYFpwIZ783M4jI4Rob0If9lYiJBXOOqG4I29YKQCJYlDmQoH22uaCLPsW7ypIm7j8ifbZUAkKVLBkdbhWj8iPTB/763T8rd8N3xLt7l84c9FEJuW9LX6OD9/4qjtXvnoZMmJVEnRNei+ggeJ18YyuFDnwuRWXj/4KrE3+/pJ4jhQYIQ10zRj8Eebk45qk8sVQjlTero4V+XyNwHhhVg==
  5. p0UBgHgkmEvMdo5pB5OKpi4QvKEs/Wx+Xjfm2gPfNcdGfBPGoDjhGv2XpwU2Rgvd+ud0AiC6IQqIa+0Fl0/zCI5Ck2TcCFoUg4xhOxGVICmMkmr/o+pgqXzo7U/3Sbbc6kpzzZah6fWGILkELM7qs2J+oE+mkQQJtDuTG28PfPRVPxr0pWY1856DPfUgaJt263J9vwlwR3m9O7o1gG6e2ylCGi3cmeCVMLSgG62NjuQMRBSoN7waTvklseopkppdqNf8tnZcby7ro1Mj2iW4CI9ukwGNSYJ5VZH9ARNKLBYYCy0PsIGHZoiff4Vw+VsDO0P0K1PmByX4D7meOAuDfSjEDrUSenEPtO+xDyNrIC4Ltgp5v/EfEQ==

Putting It All Together

Question 13.25

Eye glare, football, and one-way within-groups ANOVA: Does the black grease beneath football players’ eyes really reduce glare or does it just make them look intimidating? In a variation of a study actually conducted at Yale University, 46 participants placed one of three substances below their eyes: black grease, black antiglare stickers, or petroleum jelly. The researchers assessed eye glare using a contrast chart for each participant that gives a value on a scale measure. Every participant was assessed with each of the three substances, one at a time. Black grease led to a reduction in glare compared with the two other conditions, antiglare stickers or petroleum jelly (DeBroff & Pahk, 2003).

Person Black Grease Antiglare Stickers Petroleum Jelly
1 19.8 17.1 15.9
2 18.2 17.2 16.3
3 19.2 18.0 16.2
4 18.7 17.9 17.0
  1. 4BjkZXeTD/JyX0ZAo5h5FaQ/A6K4c3+FTAUall+loRC4lZ4Zp2txlSo+3QduIoQ52viBwAHD193oY75TiI2MqjA0fz+1FgMW
  2. TupEhpJe9+n112TpLjrMVzCs5i7zYEgZh2Q3kuxeEw6wxopC9PUyl5tOzrs3scbN
  3. t3d/gxxRcFqIvQtfryQslMeu2ksJOCi/HXB4eYVkuFYlLVwQHuSnNgGXXMI=
  4. KopqVV2m1C/9PJQnV0hpPbijIRkmQ/+EIqWQl33L5egvpevM4vL3i4cUHKMw7PL0UnfZF3fOPkFvrj2KPMCxH/kD0iTdyk9ydi7urp2uxFXm3WJ/J4Beu7d3ZmcNbPYtprBcOYeJdkxk3HxYIFVwOzgSC28CRYjoEj+2YeEFae+Qh5Xa
  5. 5MorG4tXQZJr4GbnHi5nUAaAFwpk9Xc8ygwqqpEppESVbFmPFLQaI1lmS2KLXj3A2JIe9BALksTVAJAsqTkzOpDceU+XhEtGxdzCubl0/RzgiRqsgpcOhFjowTUHFRalITw31Fq00wiw3720+wdYTkwX/I6jhcAqdKDKuDPnEoAH//giv6ghiwD0l6EQmPIC
  6. DuOgU2hO5Y2WMxrDZ/7Wx120TnD6tOCG1icR3FWH54iZOQBYBD38iDr6lCTRY/f8CWktp620mJo+m50PlFwHuuxqOKIpiuzuONgMKphHV9ZaD7tkElDf33OjvQLsVTVU5j8CQmf9G8wnRrt9itVsjiuulyW3k3sEZ8dsKCijfmi88eFYjAzMQUsuzZI=
  7. XJ8lhMThMcYtp9idS3yQ7yNxuje6Vd70T5Pr+C/dPJdJ/E+4l0wWcZs1cpp+l6AYsROqxQ7cj8n2mHhHMJPWTDe70rGcNYQ229KIKo+I31erOdFBnmQg1I+t/6sMMhKEeix/PEW1oqXtBjV4L+uIDVXW2L/Kkiw4RffPMI2WzsMcW/8J/UqDOO5yZlh9pnHNGFvEPwAccIyFQ1nXvqC12q7iIGH3FYGils2JqUZddb39rMGCSpeMivW1aG6TJ+JQWhI7G1/ba/Vr8yBHmF+3DpDUKKE=
  8. 6aUUq532Lrcrqu/tUlDhndNPFh0OfyIIXk6X0qrlUS8GH1I7sLpJOEIqv3CZPAnoFB1EBQMkWyy6qxLmpNYp3fjFeECnplDhg8HS/vZUbHuAS4KvTc8sW9N3y+Sf6KNTDBgDCt6OuggNHKGHJcozLbRvuCh5pua1GMJ54BqjgzvDTsWJ1h2cS34RiOEwCG97l6O+zw==
  9. QvKxgD8xrAVVweU9YUtXun+ldU8Di+k4o0SJ9CKK1vSPIy9VF4ZjiDjKFSbptbP4/cctfEScsYWO8oHTWMJZ0ZutSkuv8SuUSpYr2cBXl3B9R0HswSyUL+eJpOGzbSZvWG5fTc4oshmHtgXDyKuiMcG+oQD/BtzjR0xWrvOddm4B16MlQ69IuJuaIZ0vLsEtmba5vEtGPZ1aZOV40se2iWCteZ9Bv1WwRJqNI1ARSpVK8dtbEd2bmKH75lsXlnpuSm5JuGbi5dm1NPfapAkQNFiGd1e6JYoTpwOGXKlIMsY=
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  11. PZ4IQBkPHn4AoJfjibINP99W5q9EHCkUU3mK/ET3AfldsMtAZFoqYBPAxiEMKDH/7WQg7KxambkgznBVf6bZYR4B7EqP/U7+4nDegJHt/oeprVsOryOb3Gbzcl/VLgGiTstV4X0WhgaO3yR0LaX4O5dohLEdzXihdoPOcJtph4A=
  12. A0U4AM7jCywbhX211Atly4UQ7j9ZMjqF+gJvr0r1v/YT2B1Si8rG8ARGR7XajAEQt3lRzwZuNOsJDP1ePJMFmPe5jXuz79IW3/eeXNedgprFK+LwLXyr8Tn7fi6LnhDMjUGh515VcGGkRYett80HlayRJJ7qrcIv1d/nHoI+1Dk=

347