Question 2.1

Question 2.2

Question 2.3

Question 2.4

Question 2.5

Question 2.6

Question 2.7

Question 2.8

Question 2.9

Question 2.10

42

Question 2.11

Question 2.12

Question 2.13

Question 2.14

Question 2.15

Question 2.16

Question 2.17

Question 2.18

Question 2.19

Question 2.20

Question 2.21

Question 2.22

On a test of marital satisfaction, scores could range from 0 to 27.

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3. OQc96LJKtr4OsuaK2JszyrhDSV9Y3J8AH8aER9Yb9pf0zZEjbsnIuA==

Question 2.23

Question 2.24

Question 2.25

Question 2.26

Question 2.27

Question 2.28

Question 2.29

A researcher collects data on the ages of college students. As you have probably observed, the distribution of age clusters around 19 to 22 years, but there are extremes on both the low end (high school prodigies) and the high end (nontraditional students returning to school).

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Question 2.30

If you have a Facebook account, you are allowed to have up to 5000 friends. At that point, Facebook cuts you off, and you have to “defriend” people to add more. Imagine you collected data from Facebook users at your university about the number of friends each has.

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Question 2.31

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Question 2.32

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Question 2.33

Frequency tables, histograms, and the National Survey of Student Engagement: The National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) surveys freshmen and seniors about their level of engagement in campus and classroom activities that enhance learning. Hundreds of thousands of students at almost 1000 schools have completed surveys since 1999, when the NSSE was first administered. Among the many questions, students were asked how often they were assigned a paper of 20 pages or more during the academic year. For a sample of 19 institutions classified as national universities that made their data publicly available through the U.S. News & World Report Web site, here are the percentages of students who said they were assigned between 5 and 10 twenty-page papers:

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3. +MJ/JLJ9hqRakDGP2NMZT1AfGhzDOSvV/xANbMPOjLBPuPD43XgZu6xb48MefiRtXBmwb5ZtdjWdrPEpFrBknw==
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6. VWoqzcMEibNjpGOT6JGGyGfgwPYk7AiewJwdtH2Bp6ckkJOUSyqCOrLyKSIP0G1w

Question 2.34

Frequency tables, histograms, and the Survey of Earned Doctorates: The Survey of Earned Doctorates regularly assesses the numbers and types of doctorates awarded at U.S. universities. It also provides data on the length of time in years that it takes to complete a doctorate. Below is a modified list of this completion-time data, truncated to whole numbers and shortened to make your analysis easier. These data have been collected every 5 years since 1982.

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3. oXfpn72v6PAqKPnWxtPRh+Sihdb4zRGFhce47QKDuF4V7+96cPcHG+CYnhAL3qsf0BqP/VaMSPuk8zSzlg04tWanor8AoKu6
4. Kc8gC8fPpvY03BPyvQBih7c8S2kRXM9ax9xXUJbR+PnRQju5s53XlIYyWVBQk/1f+3jLQBBx7oU=
5. /lc2idy4SUq68Ni1GQrEBYpXuDAi6HPb2hN99gOiHFJiLRol+dXnxU3L/yOsc4TerLfuLQ==
6. RxJB/XbCDmv4IzIdbmp2KWy/pBdz+6Haw2EPjydlK07lS2h5nzdp8v2QtPZpH7y9vZNZwdJ+e6DiUaq6OeRzc3S5NGmz3qQm+zPkTe430xQi4UsmlmoAKHwE8MqE8GHv7lveTrJMXSRP9brwr8VknTUVJbuqMVce

Question 2.35

Frequency tables, histograms, polygons, and university acceptance rates: U.S. News and World Report publishes acceptance rates for U.S. universities. Following are the acceptance rates for the top 70 U.S. universities in 2011.

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Question 2.36

Frequency tables, histograms, and the basketball wins: Here are the number of wins for the 30 U.S. National Basketball Association teams for the 2012–2013 NBA season.

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Question 2.37

Types of distributions: Consider these three variables: finishing times in a marathon, number of university dining hall meals eaten in a semester on a three-meal-a-day plan, and scores on a scale of extroversion.

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Question 2.38

Type of frequency distribution and type of graph: For each of the types of data described below, first state how you would present individual data values or grouped data when creating a frequency distribution. Then, state which visual display(s) of data would be most appropriate to use. Explain your answers clearly.

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4. nVkqhVBujry8gE4blKDpwveWeVEsVIukl+bTODb3jt4Og5QblSZhpOVtqXeO7JIfNI/pvRzxAsX/RDr/

Question 2.39

Question 2.40

Question 2.41

Question 2.42

Frequencies, distributions, and numbers of friends: A college student is interested in how many friends the average person has. She decides to count the number of people who appear in photographs on display in dorm rooms and offices across campus. She collects data on 84 students and 33 faculty members. The data are presented below.

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3. okMjGixVJwaDmLco9Zg+6/NG/b/EU3TWbe4rEX86T97nPehISukaKgz6VBBetgm0cyrnsCqne5+xm4f1DjLWJUFMa34iNq3QP1vw+g==
4. UWGei4T93lLNG9oL9LcrS7AIa4JfVLQZwzfy4kof7RRdDtIcznRXxL8P3V4xMakl7L5Y2QXv6IknlZQ5l2OnAXONS8nbKIQ6VkJP4Fj6X3Y3wvr9W12Hy9VAxd8ynOqJlLp+f8ZpDvPLDp+E
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8. Z+A76/Gx4nzZNsoQwftD5UG2g1peC/JaJDGFEBPqnJL9qCqID4X8f+8DY5nz1d1a6HjO+zI7jtLmAnhemGXHm5dvJATMhlxbO90DT4//Z5WHJdtulbzsN4SJbVZeyOC8f34JmLB2DxtmZvMWDfJM+yDbN/Kt8wTcx5c1NHgmO52v0jYC4jQJiJNkgv0+814JUf9xpQZ7bU7CCnGV6nP7ix39Fcys6M5s
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Question 2.43

Frequencies, distributions, and breast-feeding duration: The Centers for Disease Control and other organizations are interested in the health benefits of breast-feeding for infants. The National Immunization Survey includes questions about breast-feeding practices, including: “How long was [your child] breast-fed or fed breast milk?” The data for duration of breast-feeding, in months, for 20 hypothetical mothers are presented below.

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2. 71AQcPRJdH7Zl2y2lmSWeDCfWg9X1eCxXryP57aYzokoEnb+bLb5sXDnZqewOxdB5iZuQg==
3. tXWXkVILxCKdydVzG1moGqEVeF3M2BdUUbsBQ/K0QUfvHv30/s8Xr8Hd4cC8TmvIQbJAL9r1UFKvAs6l
4. 1w8zuVmMhLtznegXjXcKfhVc3EQcCLr3VuQpshOk+Qfp1b8Gx8IGPuQjIuKvbsYiyxjGJS7PiZdSbaVy42TbffFPwAQ7KLVc6Xt8LdTiYJzqXrT13mSfbMxHrzJ7kaxtsiunuDgDR63HpEYxo9SvhjggwsqB59CWZrQaoIuDE008588KiXqu6pnGzq0rQJgssgvhW18J169g/lsjSUAl7reN7Sgr4aTGRHQzMBoCt+2DlSnhVuf4yX4w6RlSytDy5rvmU5LrKmzaHqPKuA0cPc6Vx+R2v505
5. ScM6K5Nebfq5/aBv9Ltn7jS/K+suL5oVAvyNdoBQthYQ3kki56dROIiqpypuPF2tt1x3wt8DcZw=
6. YPaGds+kNFtIdxCQpGPFNc5YD4w6it2ZDM1708HRpCuWXpxxB0AMf7KteyXI/C26aZ3xFmkBJZQCJsQFirXdkQ==
7. aaMUWtZ3lT39NfnhisbU9yoUbL5ZKwy8fgzqJBS2bAP/nnRbj6EMElB/iovmoYKh9hkizR38qcWC5WovEFejXUmTzZmQg//HiCdauXtIoTh6aapWGJGy2weFOUJFHy+V6QxcbIlhk34uwR4cMp6pMu4/z9QLG5Zh/kgmiA==
8. XdSSrGz1CJuZc+xp+J0Fbgxpa4Kcn4kxKCRzg4jaMuS6nV1vC/li95BW61TfAIvlPOinId6CrFCD9JlNYJ+/QGHAj1oAFNiT44qXcPjlUhPNY9CPx0KtxprKrcfc2xTRF8M8BZis4e2BLcYEcXtUm7OgMm3j2obR6zRKzaIR3EyqXvjPDgEamQ6/pYgFHfANJniZEmKE++oytpyNW2YkSxWJBU7HhHpUdeVr0vXmnk0JJyXfflSwi3PoPtGG6SrTPIjXyAueGPFbe83QoJGHWqAkD6C86BL8R3gMhg==

45

Question 2.44

Developing research ideas from frequency distributions: Below are frequency distributions for two sets of the friends data described in Exercise 2.42, one for the students and one for the faculty members studied.

1. 5u84o1Rp/3nJxbWOAfAwDsJdS0/57xxlHTNPKUXwfQXZCXadYz2XdN6QOFPJDoI+94+ZuS+orGPqWrfTkz9deLD30HDqyJnkVvu9ag==
2. zwQ3bm06IxaL+nUujwi9kflEf7OKwI+CvlDwCqzx8M+BPiP7ZKf24Y9ovJ9MSkpccgSa9mcwrQq9/RTFupJglHbz5RM2AkA/
3. UZV+fPraAL2tVKvE4kH7cpGdckjucn+WYfyfIJJuUBXxsXMeiM8454GGXrS40sEIFOVbZiy6PB7Dw4pcl2XQyKQR2XFbtTd/7KPV05BjWFEm1TcSOyZ4fXAJAfBzGOQM4R8EMkOxrTX0t7YZ2BkbVAieG7pVWF9Nb6AVReWY9SYEDc4GMta1jzFtrOXIZHbKxNX25O4sl+WhOY0/N/i50NPGpt15gm6YwvBqXbCqoFISh8/et+1BOY6ljW003Rd7+HYpu+PKIheZSj2WP+1Wn0R7O7Isuqec
4. W8YSCQnBHhq598LsZFqdeo6oI41ffEPCjsScNyJ2iwoxVpvKRQzzK5w2oLizNoNMcs8KWTak9IAHrbNJhBPphonryxLCvJyUmtixJSAVLPGxJf0I
5. /6eVM2eFtk3AYvmWV4PgqlbCE00Rb4ROItEjhNLpmtCw4lWxNBeQfwUqsJWCF7+ExpdwlaMFcPRxJV203nEwW9cjg3j1bYS+d+WseMyvbDfB9zjicTxleB/vNvXKJRT7ufT7cA==
6. ZU6fB0dktrwLh90xCNEc875ZQcDmYOoKXT1Mt0by7AU3Q5fQFBndUZaf8kfGYCpk3KxxAQjGwxSxwJtFfh7uAb4fjmoIsB/SITifBU6QNKpzqfne/txWMuEzpiZxuLPbTIyXvx9Q6w/PlTcqh+4rmwWPSO98x5pTi0clVBNavvpXec1mYmzw1ODh84rYxZ7zkqDCr+O0rADvD1mOxeQ83dUadF7yXdr5n0aM6BaLAwn5cEUgR+qwgmDJKlY=

Question 2.45

Frequencies, distributions, and graduate advising: In a study of mentoring in chemistry fields, a team of chemists and social scientists identified the most successful U.S. mentors—professors whose students were hired by the top 50 chemistry departments in the United States (Kuck et al., 2007). Fifty-four professors had at least three students go on to such jobs. Here are the data for the 54 professors. Each number indicates the number of students successfully mentored by each different professor.

1. 8szXAn6cYapPkxOteXuGkCN0mDe+5grAIKx9ADJV5HBoOtF2IRFIPrWbJBo+Mqkkqk77m6iDTU6sGbN6cahunRgczbWel8EnuTn6v6s5PHoT1CYzKA+PrpMJi36vcDzsjDhl6w==
2. 3tEpoEEoycpJf6qdnPBIXIZHHZ6qaPbkfM8q+l0aQVRHRYJNghFFj1zTeES5LUpbEmNGUFeiez0=
3. /opPpiZRkizZjcV4zbV0gF5hmcyvAd5WQlCJQuttv6hQPVwnyVuLhLukNwZsTRMgFzqmC4DxfeSj8wHFfGbUcA==
4. szM2xaGWhJVaJu1ujam0rBLoRh7KF0URnygOV4UV619NlhL1+7ZQWsrrpxl0A6FsOSyIk2cDPnQ=
5. MNN6mhFJSesgyGQZckhgIiHA4grByJ7X7MO7pGHWziDFubsWpTKuZwG93bkPh95SlLVwrlSe7iiT3ZKfYQyTfmNwrLFXaxIORPfqwORvcWAqM2fbE6GV9+U7xnaqHFBhVk6gsqDrZQRPBU5vsAXvsfrE9Gvr+PQgNZZnlhjgJQaXHsmjsZMsV4yzjwW1pMic7k1I6T4pwDoZV05yb6Rv3xpzWD3Fmqy1fobpdBfoUfnic7DFRAdbxA==
6. 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
7. arEzrrepIOV0fgqr/fcGrmzoDpI9MyfiPMwEEMusrgWGBIc0ZZloaiphJYZwwjFszA8atxzcNcRIq70WyDgakJauhF+zJ3Stpiu/seCcuYkHrpgPvwWdiVZQdoyN93YjbO31axJoxH1qpUBWBAmLPqxVeTOKTJxckNyf1QmSeRt5NMUmQIbVahtBOpNLJhn/fz5W6iM/H1W8l9D9T1eNAD1Or1a6ktCDfDxU9c8fLBj2jhlhwiXsYsot7m346NL/XPVGfMZCVpBL1jiADOnDJCI7C6TPH6YdzECKaNKwaCS0bqMcBH+ui7GPFQlnhCvBo2Y2n02joXGJc/f4Q0bhdfD0XMsnAIWreErcDrD6y9VXQz6yttHWzLwCM/wTvCpW+QSsoWhyofNdapApLY/wzKk6oc0On9qLxC2lck+n34DehKxWlu/cpi0qqNOwLCpUWVpySBaH2MY81pNrbyAOxAe5P09Mgfdo8vtb6PRciyTifH2z