The idea that effective leadership emerges from behavior that is responsive to varied situations.

Enhancing feelings of self-efficacy on the part of the employee.

A patterned way of thinking that defines how a person approaches issues and conceives of alternative ways of resolving or dealing with them.

A credible and compelling view of the future.

Relating to others in a way that reflects one’s own deeply held values and beliefs.

The social, linguistic, and cultural aspects of leadership as reflected in concrete interactional processes.

Personal humility about one’s accomplishments and a profound commitment to the good of the company.

A leader who carries an organization through turbulent global environments through the strategic use of communication.

Repeated, unreasonable actions directed towards an employee that are intended to intimidate, degrade, humiliate, or undermine.

The idea that foregrounds organizational change as the essential task of effective leaders.