Groups of people with norms, values, and material practices that differentiate them from the dominant culture to which they belong.

A cultivation system that features the interplanting of trees with field crops.

All physical, tangible objects made and used by members of a cultural group, such as clothing, buildings, tools and utensils, instruments, furniture, and artwork; the visible aspect of culture.

Landscapes that are prized for their natural and cultural aesthetic qualities by the tourism and real estate industries and their customers.

The controversial idea that citizens possess a set of recognizable values, behaviors, and beliefs-often including the same ethnic and linguistic traits-that express the core culture of each modern nation.

A culture group that constitutes the original inhabitants of a territory, distinct from the dominant national culture, which is often derived from colonial occupation.

A spatial standardization that diminishes regional variety; may result from the spread of popular culture, which can diminish or destroy the uniqueness of place through cultural standardization on a national or even worldwide scale.

The forceful appropriation of a territory by a distant state, often involving the displacement of indigenous populations to make way for colonial settlers

Highly localized knowledge about environmental conditions and sustainable land-use practices.

The wide range of tales, songs, lore, beliefs, values, and customs that pass from generation to generation as part of an oral or written tradition.

Established by European countries through a set of political, cultural, and economic treaties and supranational institutions.

A hypothesis holding that cultural differences among places are being reduced by improved transportation and communications systems, leading to a homogenization of popular culture.

A doctrine proposing that women are inherently better environmental preservationists than men because the traditional roles of women involved creating and nurturing life, whereas the traditional roles of men too often necessitated death and destruction.

A pattern of unequal access to advanced information technologies produced by socioeconomic inequalities and measured at scales ranging from the individual to countries and world regions.

Biological diversity of the entire living world, as measured at various scales including diversity among individuals, populations, species, communities, and ecosystems.

Ethnic, racial, and national population concentrations of people displaced and geographically scattered from their homelands. Such displaced groups often maintain strong social and economic ties to their homelands.

Structures built by members of a folk society or culture in a traditional manner and style, without the assistance of professional architects or blueprints, using locally available raw materials.

Distinct consumption practices and preferences in food, clothing, music, and so forth formed in specific places and historical moments.

A situation in which local consumers favor nationally produced goods over imported goods as part of a nationalist political agenda.

A small, cohesive, stable, isolated, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race; characterized by a strong family or clan structure, order maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family, little division of labor other than that between the sexes, frequent and strong interpersonal relationships, and a material culture consisting mainly of handmade goods.

A dynamic culture based in large, heterogeneous societies permitting considerable individualism, innovation, and change; having a money-based economy, division of labor into professions, secular institutions of control, and weak interpersonal ties; producing and consuming machinemade goods.

Economies in which people seek to consume only what they produce and to produce only for local consumption rather than for exchange or export.

A (culture) region perceived to exist by its inhabitants, based in the collective spatial perception of the population at large, and bearing a generally accepted name or nickname (such as 'Dixie').

Landscapes that are planned and designed primarily for entertainment purposes, such as ski and beach resorts.