Test yourself repeatedly throughout your studies. This will not only help you figure out what you know and don’t know; the testing itself will help you learn and remember the information more effectively thanks to the testing effect.
Freud believed that we may block painful or unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, or memories from consciousness through an unconscious process called __________.
repression
According to Freud’s view of personality structure, the “executive” system, the __________, seeks to gratify the impulses of the __________ in more acceptable ways.
c
Freud proposed that the development of the “voice of conscience” is related to the __________, which internalizes ideals and provides standards for judgments.
superego
According to the psychoanalytic view of development, we all pass through a series of psychosexual stages, including the oral, anal, and phallic stages. Conflicts unresolved at any of these stages may lead to
b
Freud believed that defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to distort or disguise reality, all in an effort to reduce our __________.
anxiety
__________ tests ask test-takers to respond to an ambiguous stimulus, for example, by describing it or telling a story about it.
Projective
In general, neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney accepted many of Freud’s views but placed more emphasis than he did on
d
Modern-day psychodynamic theorists and therapists agree with Freud about
a
Which of the following is NOT part of the contemporary view of the unconscious?
a
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs proposes that we must satisfy basic physiological and safety needs before we seek ultimate psychological needs, such as self-actualization. Maslow based his ideas on
d
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How might Freud and Rogers differ in their explanations of how the environment influences the development of a criminal?
Freud might argue that the criminal may have lacked the proper guidance as a child for developing a strong superego, allowing the id free rein. Rogers might assert that the criminal was raised in an environment lacking genuineness, acceptance (unconditional positive regard), and empathy, which inhibited psychological growth and led to a negative self-concept.
The total acceptance Rogers advocated as part of a growth-promoting environment is called __________ __________ __________.
unconditional positive regard
The __________ theory of personality focuses on describing characteristic behavior patterns, such as agreeableness or extraversion.
trait
One famous personality inventory is the
c
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality factors?
b
Our scores on personality tests best predict
b
The social-cognitive perspective proposes our personality is shaped by a process called reciprocal determinism, as personal factors, environmental factors, and behaviors interact. An example of an environmental factor is
a
Critics say that __________-__________ personality theory is very sensitive to an individual’s interactions with particular situations, but that it gives too little attention to the person’s enduring traits.
social-cognitive
Researchers have found that low self-esteem tends to be linked with life problems. How should this link be interpreted?
b
A fortune cookie advises, “Love yourself and happiness will follow.” Is this good advice?
Yes, if that self-love is of the secure type. Secure self-esteem promotes a focus beyond the self and a higher quality of life. Excessive self-love may promote artificially high or defensive self-esteem, which may lead to unhappiness if negative external feedback triggers anger or aggression.
Individualist cultures tend to value __________; collectivist cultures tend to value __________.
b
Answering these questions will help you make these concepts more personally meaningful, and therefore more memorable.
How would you describe your personality? What are your typical patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting?
What did you think or know about Freud before you read this chapter? Have your thoughts changed now that you have learned more about him?
Has someone in your life accepted you unconditionally? Has this person helped you know yourself better or improve your self-image?
Where would you place yourself on the Big Five personality dimensions—conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion? Would your family and friends agree with you?
Look around your personal spaces, such as your bedroom, car, or your social media profiles. How do you think these spaces reflect your personality?
How have your experiences shaped your personality? How has your personality helped shape your environment?
What possible selves do you dream of—or fear—becoming? To what extent do these imagined selves motivate you now?
Do you consider yourself to be more of a collectivist or an individualist? How do you think this has influenced your behavior, emotions, or thoughts?
www.worthpublishers.com/myers.