Test yourself repeatedly throughout your studies. This will not only help you figure out what you know and don’t know; the testing itself will help you learn and remember the information more effectively thanks to the testing effect.
If we encounter a person who appears to be high on drugs, and we make the fundamental attribution error, we will probably attribute the person’s behavior to
a
We tend to agree to a larger request more readily if we have already agreed to a small request. This tendency is called the __________-__________-__________-__________phenomenon.
foot-in-the-door
Jamal’s therapist has suggested that Jamal should “act as if” he is confident, even though he feels insecure and shy. Which social psychological theory would best support this suggestion, and what might the therapist be hoping to achieve?
Cognitive dissonance theory best supports this suggestion. If Jamal acts confident, his behavior will contradict his negative self-thoughts, creating cognitive dissonance. To relieve the tension, Jamal may realign his attitudes with his actions by viewing himself as more outgoing and confident.
Researchers have found that a person is most likely to conform to a group if
c
In Milgram’s experiments, the rate of obedience was highest when
a
Dr. Huang, a popular music professor, delivers fascinating lectures on music history but gets nervous and makes mistakes when describing exam statistics in front of the class. Why does his performance vary by task?
The presence of a large audience generates arousal and strengthens Dr. Huang’s most likely response: enhanced performance on a task he has mastered (teaching music history) and impaired performance on a task he finds difficult (statistics).
In a group situation that fosters arousal and anonymity, a person sometimes loses self-consciousness and self-control. This phenomenon is called __________.
deindividuation
Sharing our opinions with like-minded others tends to strengthen our views, a phenomenon referred to as __________.
group polarization
Prejudice toward a group involves negative feelings, a tendency to discriminate, and overly generalized beliefs referred to as __________.
stereotypes
If several well-publicized murders are committed by members of a particular group, we may tend to react with fear and suspicion toward all members of that group. In other words, we
b
369
The other-race effect occurs when we assume that other groups are __________ (more/less) homogeneous than our own group.
more
Evidence of a biochemical influence on aggression is the finding that
d
Studies show that parents of delinquent young people tend to use beatings to enforce discipline. This suggests that aggression can be
c
A statement by 21 social scientists studying the effects of pornography noted that violent pornography
c
The aspect of X-rated films that most directly influences men’s aggression toward women seems to be the
c
The more familiar a stimulus becomes, the more we tend to like it. This exemplifies the __________ __________ effect.
mere exposure
A happy couple celebrating their 50th wedding anniversary is likely to experience deep ___________ love, even though their ____________ love has probably decreased over the years.
companionate; passionate
After vigorous exercise, you meet an attractive person, and you are suddenly seized by romantic feelings for that person. This response supports the two-factor theory of emotion, which assumes that emotions, such as passionate love, consist of physical arousal plus
d
Due to the bystander effect, a particular bystander is less likely to give aid if
c
Our enemies often have many of the same negative impressions of us as we have of them. This exemplifies the concept of __________-__________ perceptions.
mirror-image
One way of resolving conflicts and fostering cooperation is by giving rival groups shared goals that help them override their differences. These are called __________ goals.
superordinate
Answering these questions will help you make these concepts more personally meaningful, and therefore more memorable.
Do you have an attitude or tendency you would like to change? How could you use the attitudes-follow-behavior idea to change it?
What example of social influence have you experienced this week? How did you respond to the power of the situation?
What could you do to discourage social loafing in a group project assigned for a class?
What negative attitudes might professors and students have toward each other? What strategies might change those attitudes?
In what ways have you been affected by social scripts for aggression? How have TV shows or video games contributed such scripts?
To what extent have your closest relationships been affected by proximity, physical attractiveness, and similarity?
What could you do to motivate your friends to contribute their time or money to a cause that is important to you?
Think of a conflict between friends or family members. What strategies would you suggest to help them reconcile their relationships?
Multiple-format self-tests and more may be found at www.worthpublishers.com/myers .