Test yourself repeatedly throughout your studies. This will not only help you figure out what you know and don’t know; the testing itself will help you learn and remember the information more effectively thanks to the testing effect.
Anna is embarrassed that it takes her several minutes to parallel-park her car. She usually gets out of the car once or twice to inspect her distance both from the curb and from the nearby cars. Should she worry about having a psychological disorder?
No. Anna’s behavior is unusual, causes her distress, and may make her a few minutes late on occasion, but it does not appear to significantly disrupt her ability to function. Like most of us, Anna demonstrates some unusual behaviors that are not disabling or dysfunctional, so they wouldn’t be considered a clinically significant disturbance. Thus, her unusual behavior does not suggest a psychological disorder.
Although some psychological disorders are culture-bound, others cross cultures. For example, in every known culture some people have
c
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A therapist says that psychological disorders are sicknesses and people with these disorders should be treated as patients in a hospital. This therapist believes in the ____________ model.
medical
Many psychologists reject the “disorders-as-illness” view and instead contend that other factors may also be involved—for example, the person’s bad habits and poor social skills. This view represents the ____________ approach.
c
Most psychologists and psychiatrists use ____________ to classify psychological disorders.
a
A feeling of intense dread that can be accompanied by chest pains, choking sensations, or other frightening sensations is called
c
Anxiety that takes the form of a persistent irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation is called a ____________.
phobia
Marina became consumed with the need to clean the entire house and refused to participate in any other activities. Her family consulted a therapist, who diagnosed her as having ____________- ____________ disorder.
obsessive-compulsive
The learning perspective proposes that phobias are
c
Two disorders have been found to cross cultures. One is schizophrenia, and the other is ____________.
depression
After continued use of a psychoactive drug, the drug user needs to take larger doses to get the desired effect. This is referred to as ____________.
tolerance
The depressants include alcohol, barbiturates,
a
Why might alcohol make a person more helpful or more aggressive?
Alcohol is a disinhibitor—it makes us more likely to do what we would have done when sober, whether that is being helpful or being aggressive.
Long-term use of Ecstasy can
d
Near-death experiences are strikingly similar to the hallucinations evoked by ____________.
LSD
Use of marijuana
a
An important psychological contributor to drug use is
b
Although bipolar disorder is as maladaptive as depression, it is much less common and it affects
c
The rate of depression is ____________ (increasing/decreasing) among young people.
increasing
Depression can often be alleviated by drugs that increase supplies of the neurotransmitters ____________ and ____________.
norepinephrine; serotonin
Psychologists who emphasize the importance of negative perceptions, beliefs, and thoughts in depression are working within the ____________ - ____________ perspective.
social-cognitive
A person with positive symptoms of schizophrenia is most likely to experience
b
People with schizophrenia may hear voices urging self-destruction, an example of a(n) ____________.
hallucination
Victor exclaimed, “The weather has been so schizophrenic lately: It’s hot one day and freezing the next!” Is this an accurate comparison? Why or why not?
No. Schizophrenia involves the altered perceptions, emotions, and behaviors of a mind split from reality. It does not involve rapid changes in mood or identity, as suggested by this comparison.
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Chances for recovery from schizophrenia are best when
a
Which of the following statements is true of bulimia nervosa?
b
Dissociative identity disorder is controversial because
c
A personality disorder, such as antisocial personality, is characterized by
c
PET scans of murderers’ brains have revealed
b
Answering these questions will help you make these concepts more personally meaningful, and therefore more memorable.
Can you recall a fear that you have learned? What role, if any, was played by fear conditioning or by observational learning?
Psychoactive drugs such as alcohol, heroin, and methamphetamine all bring pleasure followed by discomfort or depression when the substance wears off. Knowing this, what strategies do you think might keep young teens from abusing substances?
How has student life affected your moods? What advice would you have for new students?
Can you think of a time when being in a sad mood has actually helped you in some ways? Did you re-evaluate your situation or make new plans for the future?
Now that you know more about schizophrenia, do you think the media accurately portray the behavior of people with this disorder? Why or why not?
As his fans already know, comedian and TV personality Howie Mandel suffers from obsessive-compulsive disorder and a severe germ phobia. How do you think being labeled has helped or hurt Mandel?
Dissociative identity disorder is rare, but feeling like a “different person” at times is common. Can you recall ever feeling like a “different person” because of the situation you were in? What was that like?
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