Test yourself repeatedly throughout your studies. This will not only help you figure out what you know and don’t know; the testing itself will help you learn and remember the information more effectively thanks to the testing effect.
An example of a physiological need is _______. An example of a psychological drive is _______.
a
Jan walks into a friend’s kitchen, smells bread baking, and begins to feel very hungry. The smell of baking bread is a(n) _______ (incentive/drive).
incentive
_________ theory attempts to explain behaviors that do NOT reduce physiological needs.
Arousal
With a challenging task, such as taking a difficult exam, performance is likely to peak when arousal is
b
According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, our most basic needs are physiological, including the need for food and water; just above these are _________ needs.
a
Journalist Dorothy Dix (1861–1951) once remarked, “Nobody wants to kiss when they are hungry.” Which motivation theory best supports her statement?
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs best supports this statement because it addresses the primacy of some motives over others. Once our basic physiological needs are met, safety concerns are addressed next, followed by belongingness and love needs (such as the desire to kiss).
According to the concept of set point, our body maintains itself at a particular weight level. This “weight thermostat” is an example of ______.
homeostasis
Which of the following is a genetically predisposed response to food?
c
The blood sugar _________ provides the body with energy. When it is ________ (low/high), we feel hungry.
glucose; low
The rate at which your body expends energy while at rest is referred to as the _____ ________ rate.
basal metabolic
Obese people find it very difficult to lose weight permanently. This is due to several factors, including the fact that
d
Sanjay recently adopted the typical college diet high in fat and sugar. He knows he may gain weight, but he figures it’s no big deal because he can lose the extra pounds in the future. How would you evaluate Sanjay’s plan?
Sanjay’s plan is problematic. After he gains weight, the extra fat will require less energy to maintain than it did to gain in the first place. Sanjay may have a hard time getting rid of it later, when his metabolism slows down in an effort to retain his body weight.
281
Which of the following is NOT part of the evidence presented to support the view that humans are strongly motivated by a need to belong?
c
What are some ways to manage our social networking time successfully?
Monitor the time spent online, as well as your feelings about that time. Hide distracting online friends. Turn off or put away distracting devices. Consider a social media fast, and get outside and away from technology regularly.
The _________-_________ theory of emotion maintains that a physiological response happens BEFORE we know what we are feeling.
James-Lange
Assume that after spending an hour on a treadmill, you receive a letter saying that your scholarship request has been approved. The two-factor theory of emotion would predict that your physical arousal will
b
Zajonc and LeDoux maintain that some emotional reactions occur before we have had the chance to label or interpret them. Lazarus disagreed. These psychologists differ about whether emotional responses occur in the absence of
c
What does a polygraph measure and why are its results questionable?
A polygraph measures physiological changes, such as heart rate and perspiration, that are associated with emotions. Its use as a lie detector is controversial because the measure cannot distinguish between emotions with similar physiology (such as anxiety and guilt).
When people are induced to assume fearful expressions, they often report feeling a little fear. This result is known as the ________ ________ effect.
facial feedback
Answering these questions will help you make these concepts more personally meaningful, and therefore more memorable.
How often do you satisfy what Maslow called “self-actualization” needs? What about “self-transcendence” needs?
Does boredom ever motivate you to do things just to figure out something new? When was the last time that happened, and what did you find?
Do you usually eat only when your body sends hunger signals? How much does the sight or smell of delicious food tempt you even when you’re full?
Have you or a loved one ever tried unsuccessfully to lose weight? What happened? What weight-loss strategies might have been more successful?
Do you think that texting, e-mailing, or posting online increases your sense of belonging or leaves you feeling more isolated?
Can you remember a time when you began to feel upset or uneasy and only later labeled those feelings? What was that like?
Can you think of a recent time when you noticed your body’s reactions to a stressful experience? How did you interpret the situation? What emotion did you feel?
Imagine one situation in which you would like to change the way you feel. How could you do so by altering your facial expressions or the way you carry yourself?
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